{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T05:10:35Z","timestamp":1791522635145,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1439,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["shmpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented the Hospital\u2010Acquired Conditions (HACs) Initiative in October 2008; the CMS no longer reimbursed hospitals for fall injury. The effects of this payment change on fall and fall injury rates are not well described, nor its effect on physical restraint use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the 2008 HACs Initiative on the rates of falls, injurious falls, and physical restraint use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>DESIGN\/SETTING<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a nine\u2010year retrospective cohort study (July 2006\u2010December 2015) involving 2,862 adult medical, medical\u2010surgical, and surgical nursing units from 734 hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>MEASUREMENTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Annual rates of change in falls, injurious falls, and physical restraint use during the two years before the payment rule went into effect were compared with one\u2010, four\u2010, and seven\u2010year rates of annual change after implementation, adjusting for unit\u2010 and facility\u2010level covariates. Stratified analyses were conducted according to bed size and teaching status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with prior to the payment change, there was stable acceleration in the one\u2010, four\u2010, and seven\u2010year annual rates of decline in falls as follows: \u20102.1% (\u20103.3%, \u20100.9%), \u20102.2% (\u20103.2%, \u20101.1%), and \u20102.2% (\u20103.4%, \u20101.0%) respectively. For injurious falls, there was an increasing acceleration in the annual declines, achieving statistical significance only at seven years post CMS change as follows: \u20103.2% (\u20105.5%, \u20101.0%). Physical restraint use prevalence decreased from 1.6% to 0.6%. Changes in the rates of falls, injurious falls, and restraint use varied according to hospital bed size and teaching status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the HACs Initiative, there was at best a modest decline in the rates of falls and injurious falls observed primarily in larger, major teaching hospitals. An increase in restraint use was not observed. Falls remain a difficult patient safety problem for hospitals, and further research is required to develop cost\u2010effective, generalizable strategies for their prevention. <jats:italic>Journal of Hospital Medicine<\/jats:italic> 2019;14:e31\u2010e36. \u00a9 2019 Society of Hospital Medicine<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T07:39:01Z","timestamp":1568705941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of the Hospital\u2010Acquired Conditions Initiative on Falls and Physical Restraints: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ronald I.","family":"Shorr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Research Education &amp; Clinical Center (GRECC) Malcom Randall VAMC  Gainesville Florida"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Florida  Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent S.","family":"Staggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services and Outcomes Research Children's Mercy Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Missouri\u2010Kansas City  Kansas City Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management and Policy University of Kentucky College of Public Health  Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Daniels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University of Florida  Gainesville Florida"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minzhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PPD  Austin Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Dunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing University of Kansas Medical Center  Kansas City Kansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorraine C.","family":"Mion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-158-5-201303051-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/cr.2012.012020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Patient safety and quality: an evidence\u2010based handbook for nurses","author":"Currie L","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1553-7250(11)37010-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(99)80133-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006247-199803000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp078184"},{"issue":"62","key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"47130","article-title":"Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Med\u2010icaid Services. 42 CFR Parts 411, 412, 413, and 489. 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