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We find the mandate leads to an increase in plant-level pollution, an environmental social bad, and the effect is stronger when the mandate applies to more employers, for plants in states with more unauthorized workers in the labor force, and for plants with jobs that are inherently more hazardous.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Funding: This work was supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council [Project 24502422].<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Supplemental Material: The internet appendix and data files are available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2022.02310 .<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.02310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T15:20:21Z","timestamp":1755703221000},"page":"3411-3434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Substitution Between Corporate Social Responsibility Activities: Evidence from Hiring and Mistreating Unauthorized Workers and Pollution"],"prefix":"10.1287","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3280-9934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Naveen Jindal School of Management, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75252"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1841-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningzhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Naveen Jindal School of Management, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75252"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-8296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Accountancy, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"109","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akey P, Appel I (2019) Environmental externalities of activism. 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