{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:05:13Z","timestamp":1770469513610,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Management Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> We use clinical data on more than 240,000 surgeries and quasi-experimental methods to examine how physicians respond to the surprise release of a performance \u201creport card.\u201d Such feedback interventions are commonly used to encourage physicians to improve performance yet show limited evidence of success. Our results show that these limited effects mask heterogeneous behavioral responses to feedback valence. In particular, physicians improve more from positive feedback than from negative feedback, with negative feedback even reducing performance for a nontrivial share of patients. Experiments with laypersons replicate these results and show that struggles with negative feedback can be mitigated by giving incentives directly tied to improvement and by adding qualitative information that helps individuals interpret past performance. These results are consistent with behavioral models that suggest cognitive and emotional difficulties limit how well individuals use negative feedback. Thus, feedback interventions in healthcare should be carefully designed to mitigate these counterproductive behavioral responses. <\/jats:p><jats:p> This paper was accepted by Ranjani Krishnan, accounting. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Funding: We acknowledge generous funding provided by Tilburg University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst to run the laboratory experiments. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Supplemental Material: The online appendices and data files are available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340 . <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]],"date-time":"2024-09-02T13:40:27Z","timestamp":1725284427000},"page":"4198-4222","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Do Physicians Improve More from Positive or Negative Feedback?"],"prefix":"10.1287","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0710-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manasvini","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Social and Decision Sciences Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1529-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Zureich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Accounting Department, College of Business, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015"}]}],"member":"109","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2004.00319.x"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.20.3.219"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2018.3129"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20140774"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2003.11.006"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13827"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2010.04.001"},{"issue":"3","key":"B10","first-page":"65","volume":"7","author":"Balcazar F","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav. Management"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.5.4.323"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/jmar-50435"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2008.01.001"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(87)90014-6"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930903504405"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01143-3"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/TAR-2021-0345"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1701700208"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lrp.2005.04.005"},{"key":"B21","volume-title":"On the Self-Regulation of Behavior","author":"Carver CS","year":"2001"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1021"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-679X.12184"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2014.09.013"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0919-5"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2017.11.009"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2013.12.004"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacceco.2017.08.001"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.7.4.928"},{"key":"B30","volume-title":"Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions","author":"Christian B","year":"2016"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-010-1438-2"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5600\/mmrr.004.02.a02"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.104.4.1320"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01306.x"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/0002828043052204"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10683-018-9572-5"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200308000-00003"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1c29t27"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.6.627"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619828724"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000990"},{"issue":"4","key":"B43","first-page":"48","volume":"89","author":"Edmondson AC","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"B44","first-page":"114","volume":"3","author":"Eil D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amer. Econom. J."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976211045934"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00004"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-198101000-00015"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.06.002"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aos.2021.101329"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619881133"},{"issue":"3","key":"B52","first-page":"627","volume":"3","author":"Evans MF","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Environment. Resources Econom."},{"key":"B53","first-page":"1","author":"Eyal P","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-679X.12330"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-679X.12362"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675400700202"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/661934"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00285.x"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-4-200302180-00006"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-018-9446-6"},{"key":"B61","first-page":"647","volume":"67","author":"Frederickson JR","year":"1992","journal-title":"Accounting Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"B62","volume":"6","author":"Friedberg MW","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rand Health Quart."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5982.2012.01709.x"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-2-200801150-00006"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10754-020-09283-1"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691613504114"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6053.2008.00033.x"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.6.1110"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234444"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr-52655"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01298.x"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2012.08.006"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp0803749"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr.2008.83.4.893"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.37.8.1352"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/003465430298487"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2021.04.004"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5034\/inquiryjrnl_40.4.343"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2098"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.17.4.734"},{"issue":"6","key":"B83","first-page":"590","volume":"22","author":"Ilies R","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Management Psych."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2007.05.001"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0563"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2015.5459"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0803563"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355303321675428"},{"issue":"1","key":"B90","first-page":"237","volume":"1","author":"Jin GZ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amer. Econom. J."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2005.06.002"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.05.006"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814417358_0006"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2013.1720"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1502312"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077724"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.119.2.254"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.103.7.2875"},{"issue":"4","key":"B100","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Lefebvre G","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature Human Behav."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-679X.12115"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/671137"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jm.2004.06.005"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10094"},{"key":"B105","volume-title":"A Theory of Goal Setting & Task Performance","author":"Locke EA","year":"1990"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0301-z"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr-51830"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr-51148"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802595"},{"key":"B110","author":"Manthei K","year":"2022","journal-title":"Accounting Rev."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198205273062103"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.0275"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjab004"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000735"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukamel DB, Weimer DL, Spector WD, Ladd H, Zinn JS (2008) Publication of quality report cards and trends in reported quality measures in nursing homes. Health Services Res. 43(4):1244\u20131262.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2007.00829.x"},{"key":"B118","volume-title":"Residency Match: The 7 Most Competitive Medical Specialties","author":"Murphy B","year":"2018"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.84.5.806"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1110.1420"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247297"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520280048038"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1510094"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1293"},{"issue":"3","key":"B127","first-page":"236","volume":"21","author":"Scanlon DP","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amer. J. Management Care"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.20.1638"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-0125"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12540"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.1197"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1996(00)00087-8"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2745"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.09.006"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197810"},{"key":"B137","volume-title":"Black Box Thinking: Why Most People Never Learn from Their Mistakes: But Some Do","author":"Syed M","year":"2015"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/accr-50292"},{"key":"B139","volume-title":"US Healthcare from a Global Perspective, 2019: Higher Spending, Worse Outcomes","author":"Tikkanen R","year":"2020"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5034\/inquiryjrnl_39.4.355"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.2004.00163.x"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.14834"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.97.1.74"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.var.140"},{"key":"B145","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge JM","year":"2010"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180728"}],"container-title":["Management Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,7]],"date-time":"2025-05-07T15:50:37Z","timestamp":1746633037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2023.01340","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-1909","1526-5501"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-1909","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-5501","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}