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In contrast, statistics that can target only published findings (e.g. empirical Bayes shrinkage and the false discovery rate) can be strongly identified, as data on published findings are plentiful. I demonstrate these results theoretically and in an empirical analysis of the cross-sectional return predictability literature. <\/jats:p><jats:p> This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2023.03083 . <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2023.03083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T13:48:15Z","timestamp":1729172895000},"page":"5830-5848","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Do <i>t<\/i>-Statistic Hurdles Need to Be Raised?"],"prefix":"10.1287","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1153-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew Y.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Statistics, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, District of Columbia 20551"}]}],"member":"109","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(01)00046-9"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20180310"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.hesbe.2018.07.001"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-017-0189-z"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00746.x"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/99608f92.fc62b261"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986025001060"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1013699998","volume":"29","author":"Benjamini Y","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. 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