{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T10:37:21Z","timestamp":1774003041033,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Operations Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Optimizing Police Presence to Prevent Crime Before It Happens<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In their paper \u201cProactive Policing: Resource Allocation for Crime Prevention with Deterrence Effect,\u201d He, Li, and Zhao introduce a novel optimization framework that reimagines how police resources should be allocated to prevent crimes rather than react to them. Departing from traditional models that respond after incidents occur, the authors propose a proactive approach grounded in the economics of deterrence effect and rational choice theory. By modeling offenders\u2019 location choices using a multinomial logit framework, the study captures how visible police presence not only suppresses crime locally but also redistributes potential criminal activity across space, a phenomenon known as crime displacement and diffusion of crime control. The authors establish the computational complexity of the problem, develop tractable mixed-integer conic reformulations, and extend the framework to dynamic settings. A data-driven case study in New York City demonstrates the model\u2019s potential to guide smarter, prevention-focused deployment of urban policing resources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2023.0415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:12:27Z","timestamp":1764245547000},"page":"700-721","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Proactive Policing: Resource Allocation for Crime Prevention with Deterrence Effect"],"prefix":"10.1287","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9951-7450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Systems Engineering and Management, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2046-7842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSBC Business School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]}],"member":"109","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-009-0298-1"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ak\u00e7aku\u015f \u0130, Mi\u0161i\u0107 V (2021) Exact logit-based product design. Preprint, submitted July 12, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3875986.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3875986"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2526791"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476535"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker GS (1968) Crime and punishment: An economic approach.\n                      J. Political Econom.\n                      76(2):169\u2013217.","DOI":"10.1086\/259394"},{"key":"B6","volume-title":"Discrete Choice Analysis: Theory and Application to Travel Demand","volume":"9","author":"Ben-Akiva ME","year":"1985"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2171802"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/224261"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-019-09372-3"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brand S, Price R (2000) The economic and social costs of crime. Home Office Research Study No. 217, Home Office, London.","DOI":"10.1037\/e452672008-001"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.2021.1022"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","first-page":"475","volume":"88","author":"Bronars SG","year":"1998","journal-title":"Amer. Econom. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00364-8"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.24.12.1280"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.24.12.1291"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20141147"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.27.2.213"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Church R, ReVelle C (1974) The maximal covering location problem.\n                      Papers Regional Sci. Assoc.\n                      32(1):101\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01942293"},{"issue":"1","key":"B19","first-page":"165","volume":"2","author":"Clarke RV","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crime Prevention Stud."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282804322970733"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.15.1.96"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2014.02.003"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001112877902500207"},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing","author":"Goldstein H","year":"1990"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.6.653"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.2.127"},{"issue":"1","key":"B27","first-page":"97","volume":"3","author":"Hesseling R","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crime Prevention Stud."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.50.1.132.17784"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.28.7.759"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-017-2528-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"B31","first-page":"270","volume":"87","author":"Levitt SD","year":"1997","journal-title":"Amer. Econom. Rev."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/00028280260344777"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1070.0169"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.002"},{"key":"B35","volume-title":"Methods Matter: Improving Causal Inference in Educational and Social Science Research","author":"Murnane RJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.12191"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2017.1703"},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"Shao H, Kleywegt AJ (2020) Tractable constrained optimization over multiple product attributes under discrete choice models. Preprint, submitted July 17, https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2007.09193v1."},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Calling the Police: Citizen Reporting of Serious Crime","author":"Spelman W","year":"1984"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1030.0147"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511805271"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Kifer D, Graif C, Li Z (2016) Crime rate inference with big data.\n                      Proc. 22nd ACM SIGKDD Internat. Conf. Knowledge Discovery Data Mining\n                      (Association for Computing Machinery, New York), 635\u2013644.","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939736"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108278423"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17226\/24928"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12131"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-015-9234-y"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yousefi Maragheh R, Chen X, Davis J, Cho J, Kumar S, Achan K (2020) Choice modeling and assortment optimization in the presence of context effects. Preprint, submitted December 11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3747354.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3747354"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.2022.1122"}],"container-title":["Operations Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1287\/opre.2023.0415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T08:12:35Z","timestamp":1773994355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/10.1287\/opre.2023.0415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1287\/opre.2023.0415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/opre.2023.0415","relation":{},"ISSN":["0030-364X","1526-5463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0030-364X","type":"print"},{"value":"1526-5463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}}}