{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T12:21:10Z","timestamp":1791202870376,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3369,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) and prenatal exposure to hexachlorobenzene, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), dioxin-like compounds, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective birth cohort study, we assessed a random sample of mother\u2013infant pairs (n = 138) living in Flanders, Belgium, with follow-up until the children were 3 years of age. We measured body mass index as standard deviation scores (BMI SDS) of children 1\u20133 years of age as well as pollutants measured in cord blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>DDE correlated with BMI SDS, with effect modification by maternal smoking and the child\u2019s age. At 1 year, children of smoking mothers had higher BMI SDS than did children of nonsmoking mothers. At 3 years, this difference was reduced because of the faster rate of decline in BMI SDS in the former group. This relationship held except for children with high levels of DDE. DDE had a small effect on BMI SDS at 3 years of age in children of nonsmoking mothers (difference in BMI SDS for DDE concentrations between the 90th and 10th percentiles = 0.13). On the other hand, smoking enhanced the relation between DDE and BMI SDS at 3 years (difference in BMI SDS for DDE concentrations between the 90th and 10th percentiles = 0.76). Increasing concentrations of PCBs were associated with higher BMI SDS values at all ages (parameter estimate = 0.003 \u00b1 0.001; p = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study we demonstrated that intrauterine exposure to DDE and PCBs is associated with BMI during early childhood. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to assess possible mechanisms by which these pollutants could alter energy metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,8]],"date-time":"2008-10-08T09:28:35Z","timestamp":1223458115000},"page":"122-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Intrauterine Exposure to Environmental Pollutants and Body Mass Index during the First 3 Years of Life"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Stijn L.","family":"Verhulst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Nelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Provincial Institute for Hygiene, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elly Den","family":"Hond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Beunckens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Statistics, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Vael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greet","family":"Schoeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO (Flemish Institute of Technological Research), Mol, Belgium;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Desager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504113494400_micit1","unstructured":"ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)\n          . 2007. 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