{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:12:52Z","timestamp":1791180772427,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3060,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Past studies reported evidence of associations between air pollution and respiratory symptoms and morbidity for children. Few studies examined associations between air pollution and emergency room (ER) visits for wheezing, and even fewer for gastroenteric illness. We conducted a multicity analysis of the relationship between air pollution and ER visits for wheezing and gastroenteric disorder in children 0\u20132 years of age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained ER visit records for wheezing and gastroenteric disorder from six Italian cities. A city-specific case\u2013crossover analysis was applied to estimate effects of particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide, adjusting for immediate and delayed effects of temperature. Lagged effects of air pollutants up to 6 prior days were examined. The city-specific results were combined using a random-effect meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CO and SO2 were most strongly associated with wheezing, with a 2.7% increase [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5\u20134.9] for a 1.04-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in 7-day average CO and a 3.4% (95% CI, 1.5\u20135.3) increase for an 8.0-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in SO2. Positive associations were also found for PM with aerodynamic diameter \u2264 10 \u03bcg and NO2. We found a significant association between the 3-day moving average CO and gastroenteric disorders [3.8% increase (95% CI, 1.0\u20136.8)]. When data were stratified by season, the associations were stronger in summer for wheezing and in winter for gastroenteric disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Air pollution is associated with triggering of wheezing and gastroenteric disorders in children 0\u20132 years of age; more work is needed to understand the mechanisms to help prevent wheezing in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,13]],"date-time":"2009-08-13T12:48:05Z","timestamp":1250167685000},"page":"1780-1785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Air Pollution, Aeroallergens, and Emergency Room Visits for Acute Respiratory Diseases and Gastroenteric Disorders among Young Children in Six Italian Cities"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Flavia","family":"Orazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Santobono\u2019s Hospital, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Nespoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Pediatric Department, University of Varese, Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Tassinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Pediatric Department, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Giardina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Maggiore\u2019s Hospital, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Funis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Pediatric Department, Torre Galli, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Mayer Hospital, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Trapani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Mayer Hospital, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisella","family":"Forgeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Ponte a Niccheri Hospital, Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Vignini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Pediatric Department, Salesi Hospital, Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luana","family":"Nosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Pediatric Department, University of Varese, Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Pigna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Emergency Room, Gallarate Pediatric Hospital, Gallarate, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zanobetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 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