{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:35:41Z","timestamp":1786631741136,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3091,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Perchlorate inhibits the uptake of iodide in the thyroid. Iodide is required to synthesize hormones critical to fetal and neonatal development. Many water supplies and foods are contaminated with perchlorate. Exposure standards are needed but controversial. Here we summarize the basis of the Massachusetts (MA) perchlorate reference dose (RfD) and drinking water standard (DWS), which are considerably lower and more health protective than related values derived by several other agencies. We also review information regarding perchlorate risk assessment and policy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MA Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) scientists, with input from a science advisory committee, assessed a wide range of perchlorate risk and exposure information. Health outcomes associated with iodine insufficiency were considered, as were data on perchlorate in drinking water disinfectants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a weight-of-the-evidence approach to evaluate perchlorate risks, paying particular attention to sensitive life stages. A health protective RfD (0.07 \u03bcg\/kg\/day) was derived using an uncertainty factor approach with perchlorate-induced iodide uptake inhibition as the point of departure. The MA DWS (2 \u03bcg\/L) was based on risk management decisions weighing information on perchlorate health risks and its presence in certain disinfectant solutions used to treat drinking water for pathogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current data indicate that perchlorate exposures attributable to drinking water in individuals at sensitive life stages should be minimized and support the MA DEP perchlorate RfD and DWS. Widespread exposure to perchlorate and other thyroid toxicants in drinking water and foods suggests that more comprehensive policies to reduce overall exposures and enhance iodine nutrition are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,13]],"date-time":"2009-07-13T12:19:39Z","timestamp":1247487579000},"page":"42-48","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Basis of the Massachusetts Reference Dose and Drinking Water Standard for Perchlorate"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Tsedash","family":"Zewdie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Research and Standards, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Mark","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Research and Standards, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hutcheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Research and Standards, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol Rowan","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection, Office of Research and Standards, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2026080504125284600_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2006.0336","article-title":"Gestational exposure to 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Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001\u20132002","volume":"15","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit11","volume-title":"Public Health Goal for Perchlorate in Drinking Water","author":"CalEPA","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1997.7.749","article-title":"Urinary iodine excretion during normal pregnancy in healthy women living in the southwest of France: correlation with maternal thyroid parameters","volume":"7","author":"Caron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200006000-00009","article-title":"Does perchlorate in drinking water affect thyroid function in newborns or school-age children?","volume":"42","author":"Crump","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Occup Environ 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The Occurrence and Sources of Perchlorate in Massachusetts: Draft ReportAvailable: http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/dep\/cleanup\/sites\/percsour.doc[accessed 14 January 2009]."},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit38","unstructured":"MA DEP (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection)\n          . 2006. 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Derivation Methodology","volume-title":"Human Health Technical Support Document Final Draft","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit59","volume-title":"Method 314.0 Determination of Perchlorate in Drinking Water Using Ion Chromatography, Revision 1.0","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit60","article-title":"A Review of the Reference Dose and Reference Concentration Processes","volume-title":"Risk Assessment Forum","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit61","volume-title":"Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (Interim Report)","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit62","volume-title":"Perchlorate Environmental Contamination: Toxicological Review and Risk Characterization (External Review Draft)","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026080504125284600_micit63","volume-title":"Disposition of Comments and Recommendations for Revisions to \u201cPerchlorate 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