{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T21:40:32Z","timestamp":1793482832213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3004,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is increasing recognition of the importance of early environmental exposures in the development of childhood asthma. Outdoor air pollution is a recognized asthma trigger, but it is unclear whether exposure influences incident disease. We investigated the effect of exposure to ambient air pollution in utero and during the first year of life on risk of subsequent asthma diagnosis in a population-based nested case\u2013control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed all children born in southwestern British Columbia in 1999 and 2000 (n = 37,401) for incidence of asthma diagnosis up to 3\u20134 years of age using outpatient and hospitalization records. Asthma cases were age- and sex-matched to five randomly chosen controls from the eligible cohort. We estimated each individual\u2019s exposure to ambient air pollution for the gestational period and first year of life using high-resolution pollution surfaces derived from regulatory monitoring data as well as land use regression models adjusted for temporal variation. We used logistic regression analyses to estimate effects of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter \u2264 10 \u03bcm and \u2264 2.5 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, woodsmoke, and proximity to roads and point sources on asthma diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3,482 children (9%) were classified as asthma cases. We observed a statistically significantly increased risk of asthma diagnosis with increased early life exposure to CO, NO, NO2, PM10, SO2, and black carbon and proximity to point sources. Traffic-related pollutants were associated with the highest risks: adjusted odds ratio = 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.04\u20131.12) for a 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase of NO, 1.12 (1.07\u20131.17) for a 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in NO2, and 1.10 (1.06\u20131.13) for a 100-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in CO. These data support the hypothesis that early childhood exposure to air pollutants plays a role in development of asthma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]],"date-time":"2009-10-08T12:45:10Z","timestamp":1255005910000},"page":"284-290","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":482,"title":["Effect of Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution on Development of Childhood Asthma"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Nina Annika","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Demers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health and"},{"name":"School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine J.","family":"Karr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mieke","family":"Koehoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population and Public Health and"},{"name":"School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Lencar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Tamburic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026080703014087600_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370801903826","article-title":"Changes in lung function and airway inflammation among asthmatic children residing in a woodsmoke-impacted urban area","volume":"20","author":"Allen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"issue":"9537","key":"2026080703014087600_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69283-0","article-title":"Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC phases one and three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys","volume":"368","author":"Asher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity","volume":"108","author":"Bobak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8453-9_64","article-title":"Models of exposure for use in epidemiological studies of air pollution health impacts","volume-title":"Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application XIX","author":"Brauer","year":"2008"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080703014087600_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083406","article-title":"Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort","volume":"29","author":"Brauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080703014087600_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200108-007OC","article-title":"Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children","volume":"166","author":"Brauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Resp Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080703014087600_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000041910.49046.9B","article-title":"Estimating long-term average particulate air pollution concentrations: application of traffic indicators and geographic information systems","volume":"14","author":"Brauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10952","article-title":"A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Brauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit9","unstructured":"British Columbia Ministry of Health Services\n          . 2009. Health Care and Health Services DataAvailable: http:\/\/www.popdata.bc.ca\/dataaccess\/holdings\/health[accessed 18 December 2009]."},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit10","unstructured":"British Columbia Perinatal Health Program\n          . 2009. Perinatal Database RegistryAvailable: http:\/\/www.bcphp.ca\/Perinatal%20Database%20Registry.htm[accessed 18 December 2009]."},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit11","unstructured":"British Columbia Vital Statistics Agency\n          . 2009. Vital Statistics AgencyAvailable: http:\/\/www.vs.gov.bc.ca\/index.html[accessed 18 December 2009]."},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080703014087600_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.11.771","article-title":"Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group","volume":"55","author":"Ciccone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080703014087600_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg215","article-title":"Agreement between maternal self-reported ethanol intake and tobacco use during pregnancy and meconium assays for fatty acid ethyl esters and cotinine","volume":"158","author":"Derauf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080703014087600_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.4.1147","article-title":"Risk of physician-diagnosed asthma in the first 6 years of life","volume":"126","author":"Dik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107761","article-title":"Examining associations between childhood asthma and traffic flow using a geographic information system","volume":"107","author":"English","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080703014087600_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Gauderman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080703014087600_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.01182001","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life","volume":"19","author":"Gehring","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080703014087600_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm134","article-title":"Effects of pre-and postnatal exposure to parental smoking on early childhood respiratory health","volume":"166","author":"Haberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-79","article-title":"On the validity of area-based income measures to proxy household income","volume":"8","author":"Hanley","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080703014087600_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1021\/es0606780","article-title":"Application of land use regression to estimate long-term concentrations of traffic-related nitrogen oxides and fine particulate matter","volume":"41","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit21","volume-title":"Clearing the Air: Asthma and Indoor Air Exposures","author":"Institute of Medicine","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7242","article-title":"Home dampness and molds, parental atopy, and asthma in childhood: a six-year population-based cohort study","volume":"113","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080703014087600_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500388","article-title":"A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models","volume":"15","author":"Jerrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080703014087600_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1021\/es0614060","article-title":"A spatial model of urban winter woodsmoke concentrations","volume":"41","author":"Larson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105216","article-title":"Air pollution and emergency room visits for asthma in Santa Clara County, California","volume":"105","author":"Lipsett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080703014087600_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.08.012","article-title":"Within-urban variability in ambient air pollution: comparison of estimation methods","volume":"42","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080703014087600_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199501193320301","article-title":"Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life","volume":"332","author":"Martinez","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107757","article-title":"Air pollution and bronchitic symptoms in Southern California children with asthma","volume":"107","author":"McConnell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8594","article-title":"Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma","volume":"114","author":"McConnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080703014087600_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.4.1071","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, environmental tobacco smoke, and respiratory symptoms in an inner-city birth cohort","volume":"126","author":"Miller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080703014087600_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2006.028241","article-title":"Respiratory health and individual estimated exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in a cohort of young children","volume":"64","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080703014087600_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-036OC","article-title":"Atopic diseases, allergic sensitization, and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in children","volume":"177","author":"Morgenstern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080703014087600_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816a9dcb","article-title":"Air pollution and pulmonary function in asthmatic children: effects of prenatal and lifetime exposures","volume":"19","author":"Mortimer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080703014087600_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00041103a","article-title":"Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children","volume":"21","author":"Nicolai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080703014087600_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31816a1ce3","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and childhood respiratory symptoms, function and allergies","volume":"19","author":"Nordling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107489","article-title":"An association between fine particles and asthma emergency department visits for children in Seattle","volume":"107","author":"Norris","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit37","first-page":"325","article-title":"Association between air pollution and intrauterine mortality in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"106","author":"Pereira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080703014087600_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.3.9804144","article-title":"A study of twelve southern California communities with differing levels and types of air pollution. II. Effects on pulmonary function","volume":"159","author":"Peters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080703014087600_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4701","DOI":"10.1021\/es803127d","article-title":"Intake fraction of urban wood smoke","volume":"43","author":"Ries","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080703014087600_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00004","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993","volume":"11","author":"Ritz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8111","article-title":"Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children\u2019s Health Study","volume":"113","author":"Salam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10047","article-title":"Traffic-related atmospheric pollutants levels during pregnancy and offspring\u2019s term birth weight: a study relying on a land-use regression exposure model","volume":"115","author":"Slama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080703014087600_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2005.00346.x","article-title":"Case verification of children with asthma in Ontario","volume":"17","author":"To","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080703014087600_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.161.12.1197","article-title":"Persistence and remission in childhood asthma: a population-based asthma birth cohort study","volume":"161","author":"To","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080703014087600_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1997.3757","article-title":"Motor vehicle exhaust and chronic respiratory symptoms in children living near freeways","volume":"74","author":"van Vliet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1 pt 1","key":"2026080703014087600_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(00)90171-4","article-title":"The environmental predictors of allergic disease","volume":"105","author":"von Mutius","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080703014087600_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.20097","article-title":"Air pollutant effects on fetal and early postnatal development","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today"},{"issue":"6904","key":"2026080703014087600_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6904.596","article-title":"Road traffic and adverse effects on respiratory health in children","volume":"307","author":"Wjst","year":"1993","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit49","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases","author":"WHO","year":"1975","edition":"9th Revision"},{"key":"2026080703014087600_micit50","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization)\n          . 2006. AsthmaFact Sheet No. 307. Available: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs307\/en\/[accessed 22 October 2006]."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080703014087600_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/10937400290070062","article-title":"The toxicology of inhaled woodsmoke","volume":"5","author":"Zelikoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080703014087600_micit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.18","article-title":"Traffic related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: results of the Vesta case-control study","volume":"58","author":"Zmirou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/284\/66453834\/ehp.0900916.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/284\/66453834\/ehp.0900916.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:27Z","timestamp":1786628847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.0900916"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0900916","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,8]]}}}