{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:36:16Z","timestamp":1786631776311,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3047,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies have shown associations between air pollution or traffic exposure and adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight. However, very few studies have examined the effect of traffic emissions on spontaneous abortion (SAB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this study was to determine whether residential exposure to vehicular traffic was associated with SAB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women from a prepaid health plan in California were recruited into a prospective cohort study in 1990\u20131991. Three measures of traffic exposure were constructed for the 4,979 participants using annual average daily traffic (AADT) counts near each residence and distance from residence to major roads. SAB was examined in relation to the traffic exposure measures using logistic regression adjusting for a number of demographic and lifestyle variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the traffic measures, maximum annual average traffic within 50 m showed the strongest association with SAB, although it was not statistically significant. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for the top 90th percentile (AADT greater than 15,199) versus the bottom 75th percentile (AADT = 0\u20131,089) was 1.18 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87\u20131.60]. However, subgroup analyses showed statistically significant associations for traffic with SAB among African Americans (AOR = 3.11; 95% CI, 1.26\u20137.66) and nonsmokers (AOR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.07\u20132.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort, living within 50 m of a road with AADT of 15,200 or more was significantly associated with SAB among African Americans and nonsmokers. Further research is needed to confirm these results and possibly elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T14:27:45Z","timestamp":1251383265000},"page":"1939-1944","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Residential Exposure to Traffic and Spontaneous Abortion"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Rochelle S.","family":"Green","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Malig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayle C.","family":"Windham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fenster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental and Occupational Disease Control, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Ostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"2026080313204751600_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(03)00474-7","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the nutrient intake adequacy of premenopausal US women: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"103","author":"Arab","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313204751600_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420320218","article-title":"Morphology of early fetal deaths and their chromosomal characteristics","volume":"32","author":"Byrne","year":"1985","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"2026080313204751600_micit3","unstructured":"California Air Resources Board\n          . 2008. 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