{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:36:13Z","timestamp":1786631773870,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3013,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many populations are exposed to multiple species of mercury (Hg), predominantly organic Hg as methylmercury (MeHg) from fish, and inorganic Hg as Hg vapor from dental amalgams. Most of our knowledge of the neurotoxicity of Hg is based on research devoted to studying only one form at a time, mostly MeHg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study we investigated the effects of prenatal exposure to MeHg and Hg vapor on Hg concentrations in the brain of neonatal rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female Long-Evans hooded rats were exposed to MeHg (0, 3, 6, or 9 ppm as drinking solution), Hg vapor (0, 300, or 1,000 \u03bcg\/m3 for 2 hr\/day), or the combination of both, from 30 days before breeding through gestational day 18. On postnatal day 4, whole brains were taken from one male and one female from each of four litters in each treatment group to assess organic and inorganic Hg in the brain by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Statistical analysis using linear mixed effects models showed that MeHg dose was the primary determinant of both organic and inorganic brain Hg levels. For both outcomes, we also found significant interactions between MeHg and Hg vapor exposure. These interactions were driven by the fact that among animals not exposed to MeHg, animals exposed to Hg vapor had significantly greater organic and inorganic brain Hg levels than did unexposed animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This interaction, heretofore not reported, suggests that coexposure to MeHg and Hg vapor at levels relevant to human exposure might elevate neurotoxic risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]],"date-time":"2009-09-29T19:46:37Z","timestamp":1254253597000},"page":"242-248","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Organic and Inorganic Mercury in Neonatal Rat Brain after Prenatal Exposure to Methylmercury and Mercury Vapor"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Ishitobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally W.","family":"Thurston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grazyna","family":"Zareba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Langdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Gelein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80217-9","article-title":"Mercury neurotoxicity: mechanisms of blood\u2013brain barrier transport","volume":"14","author":"Aschner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00139709-200524010-00001","article-title":"The potential adverse health effects of dental amalgam","volume":"24","author":"Brownawell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Rev"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(90)90091-P","article-title":"Methyl mercury developmental neurotoxicity: a comparison of effects in humans and animals","volume":"12","author":"Burbacher","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1114","article-title":"Autometallographic determination of inorganic mercury distribution in the cortex of the calcarine sulcus of the monkey Macaca fascicularis following long-term subclinical exposure to methylmercury and mercuric chloride","volume":"132","author":"Charleston","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit5","first-page":"19","article-title":"Inhalation exposure systems","volume-title":"Concepts in Inhalation Toxicology","author":"Chen","year":"1989"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-197811000-00001","article-title":"Abnormal neuronal migration, deranged cerebral cortical organization, and diffuse white matter astrocytosis of human fetal brain: a major effect of methylmercury poisoning in utero","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/10408369708998098","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury","volume":"34","author":"Clarkson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440600845619","article-title":"The toxicology of mercury and its chemical compounds","volume":"36","author":"Clarkson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit9","first-page":"239","article-title":"The transport of elemental mercury into fetal tissues","volume":"21","author":"Clarkson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00103-8","article-title":"International recommendations offered on analytical detection and quatification concepts and nomenclature","volume":"391","author":"Currie","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal Chim Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080703014318500_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(93)90056-T","article-title":"Behavioural effects of prenatal metallic mercury inhalation exposure in rats","volume":"15","author":"Danielsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410350608","article-title":"Methylmercury poisoning: long-term clinical, radiological, toxicological, and pathological studies of an affected family","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2005.03.011","article-title":"Neuromotor deficits and mercury concentrations in rats exposed to methyl mercury and fish oil","volume":"27","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02190671","article-title":"Mercury burden of human fetal and infant tissues","volume":"153","author":"Drasch","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.11.971","article-title":"Neurobehavioral effects from exposure to dental amalgam Hg(0): new distinctions between recent exposure and Hg body burden","volume":"12","author":"Echeverria","year":"1998","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit16","volume-title":"Extending the Linear Model with R","author":"Faraway","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(95)02059-4","article-title":"Prenatal coexposure to metallic mercury vapour and methylmercury produce interactive behavioural changes in adult rats","volume":"18","author":"Fredriksson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit18","volume-title":"Mercury: A history of quicksilver","author":"Goldwater","year":"1972"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp109","article-title":"Transgenerational effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the male CRL:CD(SD) rat: added value of assessing multiple offspring per litter","volume":"110","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1976.10667240","article-title":"Clearance of mercury (197Hg, 203Hg) vapour inhaled by human subjects","volume":"31","author":"Hursh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit21","article-title":"Inorganic Mercury","volume-title":"Environmental Health Criteria 118","author":"IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety)","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit22","article-title":"Safety Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants: Methylmercury","volume-title":"WHO Food Additives Series 44","author":"IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety)","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit23","article-title":"Methylmercury (Addendum)","volume-title":"WHO Food Additives, Series 52","author":"IPCS (International Programme on Chemical Safety)","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit24","first-page":"38","article-title":"Fetal uptake and distribution of metallic mercury vapor in the mouse: influence of ethanol and aminotriazole","volume":"3","author":"Khayat","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int J Biol Res Pregnancy"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1977.10667268","article-title":"Chronic methylmercury exposure in the monkey (Macaca mulatta). Behavioral test of peripheral vision, signs of neurotoxicity, and blood concentration in relation to dose and time","volume":"32","author":"Lushei","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1039\/an9719600847","article-title":"Selective atomic-absorption determination of inorganic mercury and methylmercury in undigested biological samples","volume":"96","author":"Magos","year":"1971","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit27","first-page":"24","article-title":"The absorption, distribution, and excretion of methyl mercury","volume-title":"The Toxicity of Methyl Mercury","author":"Magos","year":"1987"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit28","first-page":"966","article-title":"Atomic absorption determination of total, inorganic and organic mercury in blood","volume":"55","author":"Magos","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Assoc Off Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit29","volume-title":"Generalized, Linear, and Mixed Models","author":"McCulloch","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/66.2.261","article-title":"Disposition of inhaled mercury vapor in pregnant rats: maternal toxicity and effects on developmental outcome","volume":"66","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8754","article-title":"Gestational mercury vapor exposure and diet contribute to mercury accumulation in neonatal rats","volume":"114","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(00)00107-0","article-title":"Aging unmasks adverse effects of gestational exposure to methylmercury in rats","volume":"22","author":"Newland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.05.007","article-title":"Brain and blood mercury and selenium after chronic and developmental exposure to methylmercury","volume":"27","author":"Newland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/50.1.106","article-title":"Blood and brain mercury levels after chronic gestational exposure to methyl mercury in rats","volume":"50","author":"Newland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2003.12.004","article-title":"Gestational exposure to methylmercury retards choice in transition in aging rats","volume":"26","author":"Newland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol Teratol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit36","unstructured":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing\n          . 2009. The R Project for Statistical ComputingAvailable: http:\/\/www.r-project.org\/[accessed 5 January 2010]."},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit37","first-page":"583","article-title":"Evidence for delayed neurotoxicity produced by methylmercury","volume":"17","author":"Rice","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit38","first-page":"31","article-title":"The effect of diet on the mammalian gut flora and its metabolic activities","volume":"16","author":"Rowland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crit Rev Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-813X(01)00047-X","article-title":"Perinatal and lifetime exposure to methylmercury in the mouse: blood and brain concentrations of mercury to 26 months of age","volume":"22","author":"Stern","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurotoxicolgy"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1996.0173","article-title":"Perinatal methanol exposure in the rat. I. Blood methanol concentration and neural cell adhesion molecules","volume":"34","author":"Stern","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fundam Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700884","article-title":"Effect of reticuloendothelial system blockade on the biotransformation of methyl mercury in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Suda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit42","volume-title":"Mercury Study Report to Congress, Vol IV: An Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit43","article-title":"Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of Human Health: Methylmercury","volume-title":"Final","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit44","article-title":"Guidance for Implementing the January 2001 Methylmercury Water Quality Criterion","volume-title":"Final","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4098","article-title":"Longitudinal study of methylmercury and inorganic mercury in blood and urine of pregnant and lactating women, as well as in umbilical cord blood","volume":"84","author":"Vahter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1193","article-title":"Demethylation of methyl mercury in different brain sites of Macaca fascicularis monkeys during long-term subclinical methylmercury exposure","volume":"134","author":"Vahter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s5851","article-title":"Silent latency periods in methylmercury poisoning and in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"110","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7816","article-title":"Methylmercury contamination of laboratory animal diets","volume":"113","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.196.79","article-title":"Placental to fetal transfer of mercury and fetotoxicity","volume":"196","author":"Yoshida","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"2026080703014318500_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10906","article-title":"Emergence of delayed methylmercury toxicity after perinatal exposure in metallothionein-null and wild-type C57BL mice","volume":"116","author":"Yoshida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/242\/66453854\/ehp.0900956.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/2\/242\/66453854\/ehp.0900956.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:30Z","timestamp":1786628850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.0900956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0900956","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,29]]}}}