{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:36:46Z","timestamp":1786631806038,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2947,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal poisoning of California sea lions (CSLs; Zalophus californianus) has been associated with exposure to the algal toxin domoic acid. These same sea lions accumulate a mixture of persistent environmental contaminants including pesticides and industrial products such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Developmental exposure to the pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its stable metabolite 1,1-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethene (p,p\u2032-DDE) has been shown to enhance domoic acid\u2013induced seizures in zebrafish; however, the contribution of other co-occurring contaminants is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We formulated a mixture of contaminants to include PCBs, PBDEs, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and chlordane at levels matching those reported for fetal CSL blubber to determine the impact of co-occurring persistent contaminants with p,p\u2032-DDE on chemically induced seizures in zebrafish as a model for the CSLs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Embryos were exposed (6\u201330 hr postfertilization) to p,p\u2032-DDE in the presence or absence of a defined contaminant mixture prior to neurodevelopment via either bath exposure or embryo yolk sac microinjection. After brain maturation (7 days postfertilization), fish were exposed to a chemical convulsant, either pentylenetetrazole or domoic acid; resulting seizure behavior was then monitored and analyzed for changes, using cameras and behavioral tracking software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Induced seizure behavior did not differ significantly between subjects with embryonic exposure to a contaminant mixture and those exposed to p,p\u2032-DDE only.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These studies demonstrate that p,p\u2032-DDE\u2014in the absence of PCBs, HCH, chlordane, and PBDEs that co-occur in fetal sea lions\u2014accounts for the synergistic activity that leads to greater sensitivity to domoic acid seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,7]],"date-time":"2009-12-07T13:23:36Z","timestamp":1260192216000},"page":"545-551","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Zebrafish Seizure Model Identifies\n                    <i>p<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>p\u2032<\/i>\n                    -DDE as the Dominant Contaminant of Fetal California Sea Lions That Accounts for Synergistic Activity with Domoic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Tiedeken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S.","family":"Ramsdell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biotoxins Program, Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Charleston, South Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504075518500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/61.2.321","article-title":"Developmental exposure of rats to a reconstituted PCB mixture or Aroclor 1254: effects on long-term potentiation and [3H]MK-801 binding in occipital cortex and hippocampus","volume":"61","author":"Altmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2026080504075518500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012088554-1\/50017-7","article-title":"Modeling epilepsy and seizures in developing zebrafish larvae","volume-title":"Models of Seizures and 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