{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:08:31Z","timestamp":1790208511682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2934,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cryptococcus gattii emerged on Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC), Canada, in 1999, causing human and animal illness. Environmental sampling for C. gattii in southwestern BC has isolated the fungal organism from native vegetation, soil, air, and water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our aim was to help public health officials in BC delineate where C. gattii is currently established and forecast areas that could support C. gattii in the future. We also examined the utility of ecological niche modeling (ENM) based on human and animal C. gattii disease surveillance data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed ENM using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule-set Prediction (GARP) to predict the optimal and potential ecological niche areas of C. gattii in BC. Human and animal surveillance and environmental sampling data were used to build and test the models based on 15 predictor environmental data layers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ENM provided very accurate predictions (&amp;gt; 98% accuracy, p-value &amp;lt; 0.001) for C. gattii in BC. The models identified optimal C. gattii ecological niche areas along the central and south eastern coast of Vancouver Island and within the Vancouver Lower Mainland. Elevation, biogeoclimatic zone, and January temperature were good predictors for identifying the ecological niche of C. gattii in BC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of human and animal case data for ENM proved useful and effective in identifying the ecological niche of C. gattii in BC. These results are shared with public health to increase public and physician awareness of cryptococcal disease in regions at risk of environmental colonization of C. gattii.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,18]],"date-time":"2009-12-18T12:01:11Z","timestamp":1261137671000},"page":"653-658","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Ecological Niche Modeling of\n                    <i>Cryptococcus gattii<\/i>\n                    in British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Sunny","family":"Mak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Klinkenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray","family":"Fyfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit1","unstructured":"Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada\n          . 1995. SLCS 2.2Available: http:\/\/sis.agr.gc.ca\/cansis\/nsdb\/slc\/v2.2\/intro.htmlaccessed 27 March 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504084704200_micit2","first-page":"108","article-title":"The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest","volume":"10","author":"Bartlett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Fungal Infect Rep"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit3","unstructured":"BC (British Columbia) Ministry of Forests and Range, Research Branch\n          . 2006. Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification, Version 6.0Available: http:\/\/www.for.gov.bc.ca\/hre\/becweb\/resources\/maps\/gis_products.htmlaccessed 27 March 2006."},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080504084704200_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1086\/597306","article-title":"Molecular evidence that the range of the Vancouver Island outbreak of Cryptococcus gattii infection has expanded into the Pacific Northwest in the United States","volume":"199","author":"Byrnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818241","article-title":"Ecology of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans","author":"Casadevall","year":"1998"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080504084704200_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1508.081384","article-title":"Spread of Cryptococcus gattii into Pacific Northwest region of the United States","volume":"15","author":"Datta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504084704200_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780500036019","article-title":"Sub-clinical infection and asymptomatic carriage of Cryptococcus gattii in dogs and cats during an outbreak of cryptococcosis","volume":"43","author":"Duncan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080504084704200_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.28.7.1642-1644.1990","article-title":"Natural habitat of Cryptococcus neoformans var gattii","volume":"28","author":"Ellis","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit9","unstructured":"Environment Canada, National Climate Data and Information Archive\n          . 2001. Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971\u20132000Available: http:\/\/climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca\/climate_normals\/index_e.htmlaccessed 10 March 2010."},{"issue":"7063","key":"2026080504084704200_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04220","article-title":"Same-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak","volume":"437","author":"Fraser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504084704200_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2006.00090.x","article-title":"Influence of climatic conditions on the isolation of members of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from trees in Colombia from 1992\u20132004","volume":"6","author":"Granados","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1086\/279591","article-title":"Field tests of theories concerning distributional control","volume":"51","author":"Grinnell","year":"1917","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080504084704200_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x","article-title":"Predicting species distributions: offering more than simple habitat models","volume":"8","author":"Guisan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1086\/282070","article-title":"Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals?","volume":"93","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504084704200_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060823","article-title":"Cryptococcus gattii dispersal mechanisms, British Columbia, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Kidd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080504084704200_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01330-06","article-title":"Characterization of environmental sources of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and the Pacific Northwest","volume":"73","author":"Kidd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"49","key":"2026080504084704200_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17258","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402981101","article-title":"A rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada)","volume":"101","author":"Kidd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504084704200_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113861","article-title":"Epidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"120","author":"Kwon-Chung","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504084704200_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1301.060827","article-title":"Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada and detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA","volume":"13","author":"MacDougall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit20","article-title":"Ecological Niche Modeling of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada [MSc Thesis]","author":"Mak","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit21","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center\n          . 2006. United States Climate Normals 1971\u20132000Available: http:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/oa\/climate\/normals\/usnormals.htmlaccessed 27 March 2006."},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit22","unstructured":"Payne\n              K\n            , StockwellDRB. 1996. GARP Modelling System User\u2019s Guide and Technical Reference. Available: http:\/\/landshape.org\/enm\/garp-modelling-system-users-guide-and-technical-reference\/accessed 10 March 2010."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504084704200_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/condor\/103.3.599","article-title":"Predicting species\u2019 geographic distributions based on ecological niche modeling","volume":"103","author":"Peterson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Condor"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080504084704200_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0807.010454","article-title":"Ecologic niche modeling and potential reservoirs for Chagas disease, Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Peterson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504084704200_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2005.00028.x","article-title":"Predicting the distribution of the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the new world","volume":"37","author":"Ron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17161\/bi.v2i0.4","article-title":"Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species\u2019 distributional areas","volume":"2","author":"Soberon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biodivers Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504084704200_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.39.2.155.168","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii","volume":"39","author":"Sorrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080504084704200_micit28","first-page":"792","article-title":"Multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia","volume":"43","author":"Stephen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504084704200_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/136588199241391","article-title":"The GARP modelling system: problems and solutions to automated spatial prediction","volume":"13","author":"Stockwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Geogr Inform Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504084704200_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(01)00388-X","article-title":"Effects of sample size on accuracy of species distribution models","volume":"148","author":"Stockwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol Model"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit31","unstructured":"University of British Columbia\n          . 2006. Cryptococcus gattii Research at the University of British Columbia. Available: http:\/\/www.cryptococcusgattii.ca\/accessed 10 March 2010."},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit32","unstructured":"University of Kansas Center for Research\n          . 2002. DesktopGARP HomepageAvailable: http:\/\/www.nhm.ku.edu\/desktopgarp\/accessed 10 March 2010."},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080504084704200_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00593-07","article-title":"First contemporary case of human infection with Cryptococcus gattii in Puget Sound: evidence for spread of the Vancouver Island outbreak","volume":"45","author":"Upton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026080504084704200_micit34","unstructured":"U.S. Geological Survey, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center\n          . 1996. GTOPO30Available: http:\/\/eros.usgs.gov\/#\/Find_Data\/Products_and_Data_Available\/gtopo30_infoaccessed 10 March 2010."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/653\/66400929\/ehp.0901448.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/118\/5\/653\/66400929\/ehp.0901448.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:47:58Z","timestamp":1786628878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.0901448"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.0901448","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,17]]}}}