{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:08Z","timestamp":1786631828239,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2872,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spatial analyses of case\u2013control data have suggested a possible link between breast cancer and groundwater plumes in upper Cape Cod, Massachusetts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We integrated residential histories, public water distribution systems, and groundwater modeling within geographic information systems (GIS) to examine the association between exposure to drinking water that has been contaminated by wastewater effluent and breast cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure was assessed from 1947 to 1993 for 638 breast cancer cases who were diagnosed from 1983 to 1993 and 842 controls; we took into account residential mobility and drinking water source. To estimate the historical impact of effluent on drinking water wells, we modified a modular three-dimensional finite-difference groundwater model (MODFLOW) from the U.S. Geological Survey. The analyses included latency and exposure duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wastewater effluent impacted the drinking water wells of study participants as early as 1966. For &amp;gt; 0\u20135 years of exposure (versus no exposure), associations were generally null. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for &amp;gt; 10 years of exposure were slightly increased, assuming latency periods of 0 or 10 years [AOR = 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.9\u20131.9 and AOR = 1.6; 95% CI, 0.8\u20133.2, respectively]. Statistically significant associations were estimated for ever-exposed versus never-exposed women when a 20-year latency period was assumed (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0\u20133.4). A sensitivity analysis that classified exposures assuming lower well-pumping rates showed similar results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the hypothesis generated by earlier spatial analyses that exposure to drinking water contaminated by wastewater effluent may be associated with breast cancer. Using a detailed exposure assessment, we found an association with breast cancer that increased with longer latency and greater exposure duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]],"date-time":"2010-02-17T14:45:34Z","timestamp":1266417934000},"page":"749-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Using Residential History and Groundwater Modeling to Examine Drinking Water Exposure and Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Lisa G.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Aschengrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica M.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit1","article-title":"Upper Cape Cancer Incidence Study","volume-title":"Final report","author":"Aschengrau","year":"1982"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026080504090379400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106s4947","article-title":"Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"106","author":"Aschengrau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.4980","article-title":"Perchloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer: additional results from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA","volume":"111","author":"Aschengrau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10414","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of adverse birth outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Aschengrau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-44","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of congenital anomalies: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Aschengrau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504090379400_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1021\/es00167a012","article-title":"Long-term fate of organic micropollutants in sewage-contaminated groundwater","volume":"22","author":"Barber","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit7","unstructured":"Barlow\n              PM\n            \n          . 1995. Particle-Tracking Analysis of Contributing Areas of Public-Supply Wells in Simple and Complex Flow Systems, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2434:1\u201366Available: http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/wsp\/wsp2434\/[accessed 21 April 2010)."},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bratton\n              L\n            \n          . 1991. Public Water-Supply in Massachusetts, 1986. 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Sewage plume in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 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Summary of MODFLOW-2000Available: http:\/\/water.usgs.gov\/nrp\/gwsoftware\/modflow2000\/Mf2k.txt[accessed 19 June 2008]."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504090379400_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-46","article-title":"Spatial-temporal analysis of breast cancer in upper Cape Cod, Massachusetts","volume":"7","author":"Vieira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-11","article-title":"Spatial analysis of lung, colorectal, and breast cancer on Cape Cod: an application of generalized additive models to case\u2013control data","volume":"4","author":"Vieira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080504090379400_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter\n              DA\n            , WhealanAT. 2005. 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