{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:54:20Z","timestamp":1791896060309,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2739,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although from a societal point of view a modal shift from car to bicycle may have beneficial health effects due to decreased air pollution emissions, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and increased levels of physical activity, shifts in individual adverse health effects such as higher exposure to air pollution and risk of a traffic accident may prevail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe whether the health benefits from the increased physical activity of a modal shift for urban commutes outweigh the health risks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources and extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have summarized the literature for air pollution, traffic accidents, and physical activity using systematic reviews supplemented with recent key studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We quantified the impact on all-cause mortality when 500,000 people would make a transition from car to bicycle for short trips on a daily basis in the Netherlands. We have expressed mortality impacts in life-years gained or lost, using life table calculations. For individuals who shift from car to bicycle, we estimated that beneficial effects of increased physical activity are substantially larger (3\u201314 months gained) than the potential mortality effect of increased inhaled air pollution doses (0.8\u201340 days lost) and the increase in traffic accidents (5\u20139 days lost). Societal benefits are even larger because of a modest reduction in air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions and traffic accidents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On average, the estimated health benefits of cycling were substantially larger than the risks relative to car driving for individuals shifting their mode of transport.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,29]],"date-time":"2010-06-29T23:11:58Z","timestamp":1277853118000},"page":"1109-1116","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":750,"title":["Do the Health Benefits of Cycling Outweigh the Risks?"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Jeroen Johan","family":"de Hartog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Boogaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Nijland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Utrecht, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00723-9","article-title":"Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments, London, UK","volume":"279","author":"Adams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00637-4","article-title":"Assessment of road users\u2019 elemental carbon personal exposure levels, London, UK","volume":"36","author":"Adams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.11.1621","article-title":"All-cause mortality associated with physical activity during leisure time, work, sports, and cycling to work","volume":"160","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/S1440-2440(04)80273-1","article-title":"Updating the evidence that physical activity is good for health: an epidemiological review 2000\u20132003","volume":"7","author":"Bauman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1068\/b35044","article-title":"An integrated activity-based modelling framework to assess vehicle emissions: approach and application","volume":"36","author":"Beckx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Plann B Plann Des"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.07.035","article-title":"Disaggregation of nation-wide dynamic population exposure estimates in the Netherlands: applications of activity-based transport models","volume":"43","author":"Beckx","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10767","article-title":"Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR study)","volume":"116","author":"Beelen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2007.07.017","article-title":"Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Bize","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026080414014764700_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03520380029031","article-title":"Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. 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