{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:54:19Z","timestamp":1792461259624,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2811,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excess accumulation of manganese (Mn) in the brain results in a neurological syndrome with cognitive, psychiatric, and movement abnormalities. The highest concentrations of Mn in the brain are achieved in the basal ganglia, which may precipitate a form of parkinsonism with some clinical features that are similar and some that are different to those in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Recently, scientists have debated the possibility that Mn may have an etiological role in PD or that it may accelerate the expression of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The goal of this review was to examine whether chronic Mn exposure produces dopamine neuron degeneration and PD or whether it has a distinct neuropathology and clinical presentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data source<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>I reviewed available clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological studies in humans and nonhuman primates exposed to Mn or other human conditions that result in elevated brain Mn concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human and nonhuman primate literature was examined to compare clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological changes associated with Mn-induced parkinsonism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological evidence was used to examine whether Mn-induced parkinsonism involves degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as is the case in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overwhelming evidence shows that Mn-induced parkinsonism does not involve degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons and that l-dopa is not an effective therapy. New evidence is presented on a putative mechanism by which Mn may produce movement abnormalities. Confirmation of this hypothesis in humans is essential to make rational decisions about treatment, devise effective therapeutic strategies, and set regulatory guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,19]],"date-time":"2010-04-19T14:24:12Z","timestamp":1271687052000},"page":"1071-1080","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":334,"title":["Manganese and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Critical Review and New Findings"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Tom\u00e1s R.","family":"Guilarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurotoxicology and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080414020436000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21096","article-title":"Reversible parkinsonism and T1W pallidal hyperintensities in acute liver failure","volume":"21","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"2026080414020436000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2006.08.006","article-title":"Inhibition of DAT function attenuates manganese accumulation in the globus pallidus","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080414020436000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.7.1325","article-title":"[11C]-raclopride and positron emission tomography in previously untreated patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: influence of L-dopa and lisuride therapy on striatal dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"44","author":"Antonini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026080414020436000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00964814","article-title":"Monoamines and metabolites in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"14","author":"Bergeron","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"2026080414020436000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90175-5","article-title":"Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. 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