{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:37:37Z","timestamp":1786631857156,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2761,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At present, the factors favoring transmission and amplification of West Nile Virus (WNV) within urban environments are poorly understood. In urban Atlanta, Georgia, the highly polluted waters of streams affected by combined sewer overflow (CSO) represent significant habitats for the WNV mosquito vector Culex quinquefasciatus. However, their contribution to the risk of WNV infection in humans and birds remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goals were to describe and quantify the spatial distribution of WNV infection in mosquitoes, humans, and corvids, such as blue jays and American crows that are particularly susceptible to WNV infection, and to assess the relationship between WNV infection and proximity to CSO-affected streams in the city of Atlanta, Georgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied spatial statistics to human, corvid, and mosquito WNV surveillance data from 2001 through 2007. Multimodel analysis was used to estimate associations of WNV infection in Cx. quinquefasciatus, humans, and dead corvids with selected risk factors including distance to CSO streams and catch basins, land cover, median household income, and housing characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that WNV infection in mosquitoes, corvids, and humans was spatially clustered and statistically associated with CSO-affected streams. WNV infection in Cx. quinquefasciatus was significantly higher in CSO compared with non-CSO streams, and WNV infection rates among humans and corvids were significantly associated with proximity to CSO-affected streams, the extent of tree cover, and median household income.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study strongly suggests that CSO-affected streams are significant sources of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes that may facilitate WNV transmission to humans within urban environments. Our findings may have direct implications for the surveillance and control of WNV in other urban centers that continue to use CSO systems as a waste management practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1001939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]],"date-time":"2010-06-08T14:56:35Z","timestamp":1276008995000},"page":"1382-1388","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Risk of West Nile Virus Infection Is Associated with Combined Sewer Overflow Streams in Urban Atlanta, Georgia, USA"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Gonzalo M.","family":"Vazquez-Prokopec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Vanden Eng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosmarie","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Division of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel G.","family":"Mead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priti","family":"Kolhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Howgate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fulton County Department of Health and Wellness, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"},{"name":"Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Burkot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.5.732","article-title":"Effects of density and larval competition on selected life history traits of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"37","author":"Agnew","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000405","article-title":"Seroprevalence of West Nile, Rift Valley, and Sandfly arboviruses in Hashimiah, Jordan","volume":"6","author":"Batieha","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2311.2007.00889.x","article-title":"Predation risk perception and food scarcity induce alterations of life-cycle traits of the mosquito Culex pipiens","volume":"32","author":"Beketov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol Entomol"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.12.040","article-title":"Fine-scale genetic variation and evolution of West Nile Virus in a transmission \u201chot spot\u201d in suburban Chicago, USA","volume":"374","author":"Bertolotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit5","volume-title":"PooledInfRate, Version 3.0: A Microsoft Excel Add-In to Compute Prevalence Estimates from Pooled Samples","author":"Biggerstaff","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1410.071396","article-title":"Ecological factors associated with West Nile virus transmission, northeastern United States","volume":"14","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit7","volume-title":"Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach","author":"Burnham","year":"2002","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.478","article-title":"Combined sewage overflows (CSO) are major urban breeding sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia","volume":"77","author":"Calhoun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026080608034096700_micit9","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)\n          . 2010. 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