{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T12:37:42Z","timestamp":1790685462289,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2649,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to excessive levels of manganese (Mn) is known to induce psychiatric and motor disorders, including parkinsonian symptoms. Therefore, finding a reliable means for early detection of Mn neurotoxicity is desirable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goal was to determine whether in vivo brain levels of \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), and other brain metabolites in male smelters were altered as a consequence of Mn exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize Mn deposition in the brain. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used to quantify concentrations of NAA, glutamate, and other brain metabolites in globus pallidus, putamen, thalamus, and frontal cortex from a well-established cohort of 10 male Mn-exposed smelters and 10 male age-matched control subjects. We used the MEGA-PRESS MRS sequence to determine GABA levels in a region encompassing the thalamus and adjacent parts of the basal ganglia [GABA-VOI (volume of interest)].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven of 10 exposed subjects showed clear T1-hyperintense signals in the globus pallidus indicating Mn accumulation. We found a significant increase (82%; p = 0.014) in the ratio of GABA to total creatine (GABA\/tCr) in the GABA-VOI of Mn-exposed subjects, as well as a distinct decrease (9%; p = 0.04) of NAA\/tCr in frontal cortex that strongly correlated with cumulative Mn exposure (R = \u22120.93; p &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We demonstrated elevated GABA levels in the thalamus and adjacent basal ganglia and decreased NAA levels in the frontal cortex, indicating neuronal dysfunction in a brain area not primarily targeted by Mn. Therefore, the noninvasive in vivo MRS measurement of GABA and NAA may prove to be a powerful tool for detecting presymptomatic effects of Mn neurotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,28]],"date-time":"2010-09-28T11:57:32Z","timestamp":1285675052000},"page":"219-224","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Measurement of Brain GABA Concentrations by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Smelters Occupationally Exposed to Manganese"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Dydak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-Ming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Toxicology, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Ling","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Zunyi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Mei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.E.","family":"Edden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuguang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philips Healthcare, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaiyang","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-An","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 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