{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:57:18Z","timestamp":1791194238640,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2549,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The knowledge about air pollution effects on birth weight, prematurity, and small for gestational age (SGA) in low-exposure areas is insufficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this birth cohort study was to investigate whether low-level exposure to air pollution was associated with prematurity and fetal growth and whether there are sex-specific effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We combined high-quality registry information on 81,110 births with individually modeled exposure data at residence for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and proximity to roads with differing traffic density. The data were analyzed by logistic and linear regression with and without potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed an increased risk for babies being SGA when we compared highest and lowest NOx quartiles, adjusting for maternal age, smoking, sex, and year of birth. After additional adjustment for maternal country of origin and parity (which were highly intercorrelated), the increase was no longer statistically significant. However, in subgroup analyses when we compared highest and lowest NOx quartiles we still observed an increased risk for SGA for girls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.01\u20131.24); we also observed increased risk among mothers who had not changed residency during pregnancy (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.01\u20131.18). The confounders with the greatest impact on SGA were parity and country of origin. Concerning prematurity, the prevalence was lower in the three higher NOx exposure quartiles compared with the lowest category.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For future studies on air pollution effects on birth outcomes, careful control of confounding is crucial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]],"date-time":"2011-01-06T16:33:17Z","timestamp":1294331597000},"page":"553-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Maternal Exposure to Air Pollution and Birth Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Ebba","family":"Malmqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rignell-Hydbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Tinnerberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Bj\u00f6rk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Stroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Jakobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Rittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Rylander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3155\/1047-3289.59.4.392","article-title":"Associations between personal, indoor, and residential outdoor pollutant concentrations: implications for exposure assessment to size-fractionated particulate matter","volume":"59","author":"Arhami","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity","volume":"108","author":"Bobak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.8.539","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes and outdoor air pollution: an ecological study in districts of the Czech Republic 1986\u20138","volume":"56","author":"Bobak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.038190","article-title":"Children\u2019s exposure to nitrogen dioxide in Sweden: investigating environmental injustice in an egalitarian country","volume":"60","author":"Chaix","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"2026080608043957800_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940410028172","article-title":"Country of origin, social support and the risk of small for gestational age birth","volume":"32","author":"Dejin-Karlsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-5-3","article-title":"The association between low level exposures to ambient air pollution and term low birth weight: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Dugandzic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080608043957800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.03.009","article-title":"Does the effect of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes differ by gender? 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