{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:30:18Z","timestamp":1791419418226,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2541,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to chemicals during fetal development can increase the risk of adverse health effects, and while biomonitoring studies suggest pregnant women are exposed to chemicals, little is known about the extent of multiple chemicals exposures among pregnant women in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed biomonitoring data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) to characterize both individual and multiple chemical exposures in U.S. pregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data for 163 chemical analytes in 12 chemical classes for subsamples of 268 pregnant women from NHANES 2003\u20132004, a nationally representative sample of the U.S. population. For each chemical analyte, we calculated descriptive statistics. We calculated the number of chemicals detected within the following chemical classes: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), organochlorine pesticides, and phthalates and across multiple chemical classes. We compared chemical analyte concentrations for pregnant and nonpregnant women using least-squares geometric means, adjusting for demographic and physiological covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The percentage of pregnant women with detectable levels of an individual chemical ranged from 0 to 100%. Certain polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, PFCs, phenols, PBDEs, phthalates, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and perchlorate were detected in 99\u2013100% of pregnant women. The median number of detected chemicals by chemical class ranged from 4 of 12 PFCs to 9 of 13 phthalates. Across chemical classes, median number ranged from 8 of 17 chemical analytes to 50 of 71 chemical analytes. We found, generally, that levels in pregnant women were similar to or lower than levels in nonpregnant women; adjustment for covariates tended to increase levels in pregnant women compared with nonpregnant women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pregnant women in the U.S. are exposed to multiple chemicals. Further efforts are warranted to understand sources of exposure and implications for policy making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]],"date-time":"2011-01-14T00:11:29Z","timestamp":1294963889000},"page":"878-885","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":882,"title":["Environmental Chemicals in Pregnant Women in the United States: NHANES 2003\u20132004"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Tracey J.","family":"Woodruff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ami R.","family":"Zota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackie M.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2026080314032300700_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2009.00455.x","article-title":"Human exposure to triclosan via toothpaste does not change CYP3A4 activity or plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones","volume":"105","author":"Allmyr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080314032300700_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.03.003","article-title":"Concentrations of xenobiotic chemicals in the maternal-fetal unit","volume":"23","author":"Barr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108979","article-title":"Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population","volume":"108","author":"Blount","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6259","article-title":"Measurement of pesticides and other toxicants in amniotic fluid as a potential biomarker of prenatal exposure: a validation study","volume":"111","author":"Bradman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080314032300700_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500525","article-title":"Factors predicting organochlorine pesticide levels in pregnant Latina women living in a United States agricultural area","volume":"17","author":"Bradman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10753","article-title":"Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003\u20132004","volume":"116","author":"Calafat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080314032300700_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/jes.2008.32","article-title":"Levels of urinary total and speciated arsenic in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003\u20132004","volume":"19","author":"Caldwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Expos Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901568","article-title":"Comparison of current-use pesticide and other toxicant urinary metabolite levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort and NHANES","volume":"118","author":"Castorina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit9","volume-title":"Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals","author":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)","year":"2009"},{"key":"2026080314032300700_micit10","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)\n          . 2009b. 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