{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:38:46Z","timestamp":1786631926880,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2250,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Burning incense generates large amounts of air pollutants, many of which are confirmed or suspected human lung carcinogens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We conducted a population-based case\u2013referent study to examine the effect of incense smoke exposure on lung cancer risk among Chinese males and explored the joint effect of cigarette smoking and exposure to residential radon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We recruited 1,208 male lung cancer incident cases and 1,069 community referents from 2004 to 2006 and estimated their lifetime exposures to incense smoke and other residential indoor air pollutants based on self-reported information collected during interviews. We performed unconditional multivariable logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for lung cancer associated with exposure to incense smoke after adjusting for possible confounders. We conducted stratified analyses by smoking status and exposures to incense burning and residential radon and explored the potential additive-scale interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: We observed an association between incense exposure and lung cancer that was limited primarily to smokers. Cigarette smoking and high cumulative incense exposure at home appeared to have a synergistic effect on lung cancer (compared with never-smokers who never used incense, the OR for lung cancer for smokers who used incense \u2265 60 day-years = 5.00; 95% confidence interval: 3.34, 7.51). Power was limited, but we also found preliminary evidence suggesting that radon exposure may increase risk among smokers using incense.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Our study suggests that exposure to incense smoke in the home may increase the risk of lung cancer among smokers and that exposure to radon may further increase risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,22]],"date-time":"2011-07-22T13:20:01Z","timestamp":1311340801000},"page":"1641-1646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["A Case\u2013Referent Study of Lung Cancer and Incense Smoke, Smoking, and Residential Radon in Chinese Men"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Lap Ah","family":"Tse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignatius Tak-sun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Siu Kai","family":"Au","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5002(03)00036-9","article-title":"Risk factors associated with lung cancer in Hong Kong.","volume":"40","author":"Chan-Yeung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1218(95)00067-4","article-title":"Genotoxicity and DNA adduct formation of incense smoke condensates: comparison with environmental tobacco smoke condensates.","volume":"367","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit3","first-page":"971","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics and multiple risk factors of lung cancer in Taiwan.","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803639","article-title":"Body mass index, physical activity and erectile dysfunction: an U-shaped relationship from population-based study.","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Obesity"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38308.477650.63","article-title":"Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case\u2013control studies.","volume":"330","author":"Darby","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology Standardization Project (American Thoracic Society).","volume":"118","author":"Ferris","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23788","article-title":"Incense use and respiratory tract carcinomas: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"113","author":"Friborg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit8","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Risk factors of lung cancer by histological category in Taiwan.","volume":"13","author":"Ger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit9","article-title":"Concepts of interaction","author":"Greenland S, Rothman KJ","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1039\/b200998f","article-title":"Concentrations of formaldehyde and other carbonyls in environments affected by incense burning.","volume":"4","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026080610031994100_micit11","unstructured":"Ho ST\n          . 2010. 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