{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:07:36Z","timestamp":1790752056166,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2374,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Association of childhood respiratory illness with traffic air pollution has been investigated largely in developed but not in developing countries, where pollution levels are often very high.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: In this study we investigated associations between respiratory health and outdoor and indoor air pollution in schoolchildren 7\u201314 years of age in low socioeconomic status areas in the Niger Delta.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 1,397 schoolchildren. Exposure to home outdoor and indoor air pollution was assessed by self-report questionnaire. School air pollution exposures were assessed using traffic counts, distance of schools to major streets, and particulate matter and carbon monoxide measurements, combined using principal components analysis. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to examine associations with reported respiratory health, adjusting for potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Traffic disturbance at home (i.e., traffic noise and\/or fumes evident inside the home vs. none) was associated with wheeze [odds ratio (OR) = 2.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28\u20133.64], night cough (OR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.82), phlegm (OR = 1.49; 95% CI, 1.09\u20132.04), and nose symptoms (OR = 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.90), whereas school exposure to a component variable indicating exposure to fine particles was associated with increased phlegm (OR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.09\u20131.75). Nonsignificant positive associations were found between cooking with wood\/coal (OR = 2.99; 95% CI, 0.88\u201310.18) or kerosene (OR = 2.83; 95% CI, 0.85\u20139.44) and phlegm compared with cooking with gas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Traffic pollution is associated with respiratory symptoms in schoolchildren in a deprived area of western Africa. Associations may have been underestimated because of nondifferential misclassification resulting from limitations in exposure measurement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T13:06:21Z","timestamp":1309439181000},"page":"1478-1482","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Traffic Air Pollution and Other Risk Factors for Respiratory Illness in Schoolchildren in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"B. Adetoun","family":"Mustapha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Blangiardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Hansell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900902972152","article-title":"Identification and initial characterization of prominent air pollution sources and respiratory health at secondary schools in Ibadan, Nigeria.","volume":"46","author":"Ana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8159","article-title":"Decline of ambient air pollution levels and improved respiratory health in Swiss children.","volume":"113","author":"Bayer-Oglesby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2005.019927","article-title":"Out of Africa.","volume":"62","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800467","article-title":"Self-reported truck traffic on the street of residence and symptoms of asthma and allergic disease: a global relationship in ISAAC Phase 3.","volume":"117","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.02090940","article-title":"Validity and repeatability of the IUATLD (1984) bronchial symptoms questionnaire: an international comparison.","volume":"2","author":"Burney","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.55.11.771","article-title":"Road traffic and adverse respiratory effects in children. SIDRIA Collaborative Group.","volume":"55","author":"Ciccone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit7","unstructured":"Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW on behalf of the ISAAC Steering Committee and the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group\n          . 2000. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children, Phase 3 Manual. ISAAC International Data Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.Available: http:\/\/isaac.auckland.ac.nz\/phases\/phasethree\/phasethreemanual.pdf [accessed 28 June 2011]."},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit8","unstructured":"Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds\n          . 2004. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attribution to Selected Major Risk Factors. Vol 2. 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Boston, MA:Health Effects Institute, Available: http:\/\/pubs.healtheffects.org\/view.php?id=334 [accessed 28 June 2011]."},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.14c29.x","article-title":"Inner city air pollution and respiratory health and atopy in children.","volume":"14","author":"Hirsch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-3-3","article-title":"Potential sources of bias in the use of individual\u2019s recall of the frequency of exposure to air pollution for use in exposure assessment in epidemiological studies: a cross-sectional survey.","volume":"3","author":"Hunter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610063717000_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym042","article-title":"Annoyance due to air pollution in Europe.","volume":"36","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610063717000_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(03)00038-0","article-title":"Acute effects of urban ambient air pollution on respiratory symptoms, asthma medication use, and doctor visits for asthma in a cohort of Australian children.","volume":"95","author":"Jalaludin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6243","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren.","volume":"111","author":"Janssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610063717000_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-095X(199901\/02)10:1<67::AID-ENV336>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Variable selection in large environmental data sets using principal components analysis.","volume":"10","author":"King","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610063717000_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl022","article-title":"Association between reported exposure to road traffic and respiratory symptoms in children: evidence of bias.","volume":"35","author":"Kuehni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9232","key":"2026080610063717000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02653-2","article-title":"Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment.","volume":"356","author":"K\u00fcnzli","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8594","article-title":"Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma.","volume":"114","author":"McConnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610063717000_micit20","article-title":"A Study of Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in Schoolchildren in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. 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Guidelines for Concentration and Exposure-Response Measurement of Fine and Ultra Fine Particulate Matter for Use in Epidemiological Studies (Schwela D, Morawska L, Kotzias D, eds).Available: http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2002\/a76621.pdf [accessed 28 June 2011]."}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/119\/10\/1478\/66445269\/ehp.1003099.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/119\/10\/1478\/66445269\/ehp.1003099.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:49:33Z","timestamp":1786628973000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1003099"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1003099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]]}}}