{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:08:14Z","timestamp":1793146094039,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2317,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy might have trimester-specific effects on fetal growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We prospectively evaluated the associations of maternal air pollution exposure with fetal growth characteristics and adverse birth outcomes in 7,772 subjects in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter &amp;lt; 10 \u03bcm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels were estimated using dispersion modeling at the home address. Fetal head circumference, length, and weight were estimated in each trimester by ultrasound. Information on birth outcomes was obtained from medical records.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: In cross-sectional analyses, NO2 levels were inversely associated with fetal femur length in the second and third trimester, and PM10 and NO2 levels both were associated with smaller fetal head circumference in the third trimester [\u20130.18 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): \u20130.24, \u20130.12 mm; and \u20130.12 mm, 95% CI: \u20130.17, \u20130.06 mm per 1-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in PM10 and NO2, respectively]. Average PM10 and NO2 levels during pregnancy were not associated with head circumference and length at birth or neonatally, but were inversely associated with birth weight (\u20133.6 g, 95% CI: \u20136.7, \u20130.4 g; and \u20133.4 g, 95% CI: \u20136.2, \u20130.6 g, respectively). Longitudinal analyses showed similar patterns for head circumference and weight, but no associations with length. The third and fourth quartiles of PM10 exposure were associated with preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.89; and OR = 1.32; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.79, relative to the first quartile]. The third quartile of PM10 exposure, but not the fourth, was associated with small size for gestational age at birth (SGA) (OR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.90). No consistent associations were observed for NO2 levels and adverse birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Results suggest that maternal air pollution exposure is inversely associated with fetal growth during the second and third trimester and with weight at birth. PM10 exposure was positively associated with preterm birth and SGA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]],"date-time":"2011-08-26T13:29:57Z","timestamp":1314365397000},"page":"150-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":182,"title":["Air Pollution Exposure During Pregnancy, Ultrasound Measures of Fetal Growth, and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Edith H.","family":"van den Hooven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank H.","family":"Pierik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"de Kluizenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sten P.","family":"Willemsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology,"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Hofman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoerd W.","family":"van Ratingen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Y.J.","family":"Zandveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan P.","family":"Mackenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric A.P.","family":"Steegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk M.E.","family":"Miedema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urban Environment and Safety, TNO, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent W.V.","family":"Jaddoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology,"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901228","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ultrasound measures of fetal growth in the INMA Sabadell cohort.","volume":"118","author":"Aguilera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-6","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during pregnancy and reduced birth size: a prospective birth cohort study in Valencia, Spain.","volume":"9","author":"Ballester","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit3","first-page":"341","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on birth outcomes: systematic review of the current evidences.","volume":"101","author":"Bonzini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Lav"},{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8982","article-title":"International studies of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fetal growth.","volume":"114","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107475","article-title":"Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy.","volume":"107","author":"Dejmek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610062889500_micit6","article-title":"Spline Functions for Logistic Regression Modeling. 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