{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1790815529053,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3759,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ocular mucosa is exposed constantly to the external environment, and chronic exposure to air pollution may affect the ocular surface.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed the effect of air pollution on the ocular surface by combining determinations of individual exposure and conjunctival impression cytology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A panel study was conducted with 29 volunteers recruited in two locations with different pollution levels: S\u00e3o Paulo (n = 13) and Divinol\u00e2ndia (n = 16). We assessed mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure for 7 days, using a passive sampler. Impression cytology samples were obtained from inferior tarsal conjunctiva. Comparisons between the two groups in terms of NO2 exposure and goblet-cell counts were performed using the Student t-test. Correlations between goblet-cells counts and corresponding individual NO2 exposure levels were determined using Spearman\u2019s correlation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals living in S\u00e3o Paulo received a significantly (p = 0.005) higher dose of NO2 (mean 32.47; SD 9.83) than those living in Divinol\u00e2ndia (mean 19.33; SD 5.24). There was a steady increase in goblet-cell counts, proportional to NO2 exposure (Spearman\u2019s correlation = 0.566, p = 0.001), with a dose\u2013response pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A positive and significant association between exposure to air pollution and goblet-cell hyperplasia in human conjunctiva was detected. The combination of simple measurements of exposure and impression cytology was an effective and noninvasive approach for characterizing human response to ambient levels of air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,13]],"date-time":"2007-09-13T12:44:53Z","timestamp":1189687493000},"page":"1753-1756","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Ambient Levels of Air Pollution Induce Goblet-Cell Hyperplasia in Human Conjunctival Epithelium"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Priscila","family":"Novaes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulo Hil\u00e1rio","family":"do Nascimento Saldiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Polui\u00e7\u00e3o Atmosf\u00e9rica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Newton","family":"Kara-Jos\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00e2ngela","family":"Macchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Polui\u00e7\u00e3o Atmosf\u00e9rica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Polui\u00e7\u00e3o Atmosf\u00e9rica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lourdes","family":"Racca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaciones Oculares, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Oftalmologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaciones Oculares, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504094771400_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8674","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in Australian and New Zealand cities","volume":"114","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504094771400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0496(200102)31","article-title":"Health effects of air pollution exposure on children and adolescents in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"31","author":"Braga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"2026080504094771400_micit3","unstructured":"CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental)\n          . 2007. Relat\u00f3rio da Qualidade do Ar no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo 2006. S\u00e3o PauloAvailable: http:\/\/www.cetesb.sp.gov.br\/Ar\/ar_geral.asp[accessed 6 July 2007]."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026080504094771400_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.109-1240551","article-title":"Air pollution and child mortality: a time-series study in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"109","author":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504094771400_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2003.10.005","article-title":"Control of mucin production by ocular surface epithelial cells","volume":"78","author":"Dartt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504094771400_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi035","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"de Paula Santos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504094771400_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L644","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00027.2006","article-title":"Cyclic exposure to ozone alters distal airway development in infant rhesus monkeys","volume":"291","author":"Fanucchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504094771400_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2005000200011","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on pediatric respiratory emergency room visits and hospital admissions","volume":"38","author":"Farhat","year":"2005","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080504094771400_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000066183","article-title":"Subclinically dry eyes in urban Delhi: an impact of air pollution?","volume":"216","author":"Gupta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504094771400_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.20.3.3227","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of chronic exposure on rat nasal epithelium","volume":"20","author":"Harkema","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504094771400_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165821.90114.7f","article-title":"Associations between ozone and daily mortality: analysis and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504094771400_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(02)00054-3","article-title":"Association between air pollution and ischemic cardiovascular emergency room visits","volume":"92","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504094771400_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.1999","article-title":"Air pollution and respiratory illness of children in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080504094771400_micit14","first-page":"399","article-title":"Methods of air sampling and analysis. 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