{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:04:39Z","timestamp":1790615079708,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3671,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are increasing concerns over the presence and implications of pharmaceutical agents in water. In 2002, California banned pharmaceutical use of lindane because of concerns about water quality, as lindane treatment for head lice and scabies was found to be a significant factor adversely affecting wastewater quality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this article we describe the effects the ban has had on wastewater quality, unintentional exposures, and clinical practice. This is the first time that a pharmaceutical has been outlawed to protect water quality. As such, this ban provides a rare opportunity to evaluate the possible or potential outcomes of future public health interventions aimed at reducing pharmaceutical water contamination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compiled data on lindane in wastewater treatment plant effluent for several large plants in California and one outside of California. Data on exposures to lindane were obtained from records of the California Poison Control System. We assessed the impact on clinical practice via a survey of 400 pediatricians<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wastewater treatment plant monitoring showed that lindane declined in California after the ban. Similarly, unintentional exposure calls declined. Most physicians were aware of the ban (81%) and had used lindane previously (61%), but they did not notice any difficulties with the ban (78%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The California experience suggests that elimination of pharmaceutical lindane produced environmental benefits, was associated with a reduction in reported unintentional exposures, and did not adversely affect head lice and scabies treatment. This ban serves as a model for governing bodies considering limits on the use of lindane or other pharmaceuticals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,10]],"date-time":"2007-12-10T12:31:12Z","timestamp":1197289872000},"page":"297-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Outcomes of the California Ban on Pharmaceutical Lindane: Clinical and Ecologic Impacts"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth H.","family":"Humphreys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Francisco\u2013University of California Berkeley Joint Residency Program in General Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Institute for Global Health, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Program, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Heil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, Whittier, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Hiatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Poison Control System, San Francisco Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, California Poison Control System-San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Solomon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Environment Program, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, California Poison Control System-San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, California Poison Control System-San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"},{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit1","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Hexachlorocyclohexane","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2005"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080504094397500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00126-1","article-title":"Response rates to mail surveys published in medical journals","volume":"50","author":"Asch","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit3","unstructured":"California Department of Health Services\n          . 2007. 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USGS Open-File Report 2006\u20131393Available: http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/of\/2006\/1393[accessed 6 March 2007].","DOI":"10.3133\/ofr20061393"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit8","volume-title":"Pretreatment Program Annual Report","author":"CSDLAC","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit9","volume-title":"Lindane Usage Reduction Pilot Project, 1998 Pollution Prevention Leadership Grant Program, Final Report","author":"CSDLAC","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504094397500_micit10","first-page":"CD001165","article-title":"Interventions for Treating Headlice","author":"Dodd","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504094397500_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200405030-00005","article-title":"Managing head lice in an era of increasing resistance to insecticides","volume":"5","author":"Downs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit12","unstructured":"FDA (Food and Drug Administration)\n          . 2003a. 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Micromedex Healthcare Series Vol 131","author":"Thomson Healthcare","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit38","first-page":"1940","volume-title":"Lindane topical. In: Volume 1: Drug Information for the Healthcare Professional","author":"Thomson Micromedex","year":"2006","edition":"2"},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit39","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2000. Water quality standards: establishment of numeric criteria for priority toxic pollutants for the State of California; final rule. Fed Reg 65:31681\u201331719Available: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/EPA-WATER\/2000\/May\/Day-18\/w11106.htm[accessed 29 March 2007]."},{"key":"2026080504094397500_micit40","volume-title":"Estimated Concentrations of Lindane in Surface Water Used as a Source of Drinking Water from Use and Disposal of Shampoo and Lotion into Household Wastewater. 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