{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:15:37Z","timestamp":1791310537601,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3665,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past decade there has been mounting evidence that ambient air pollution during pregnancy influences fetal growth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was designed to examine possible associations between fetal ultrasonic measurements collected from 15,623 scans (13\u201326 weeks gestation) and ambient air pollution during early pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We calculated mothers\u2019 average monthly exposures over the first 4 months of pregnancy for the following pollutants: particulate matter &amp;lt; 10 \u03bcm aerodynamic diameter (PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. We examined associations with fetal femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), and abdominal circumference (AC). Final analyses included scans from only those women within 2 km of an air pollution monitoring site. We controlled for long-term trend, season, temperature, gestation, mother\u2019s age, socioeconomic status, and fetal sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A reduction in fetal AC was associated with O3 during days 31\u201360 [\u22121.42 mm; 95% confidence interval (CI), \u22122.74 to \u22120.09], SO2 during days 61\u201390 (\u22121.67 mm; 95% CI, \u22122.94 to \u22120.40), and PM10 during days 91\u2013120 (\u22120.78 mm; 95% CI, \u22121.49 to \u22120.08). Other results showed a reduction in BPD (\u22120.68 mm; 95% CI, \u22121.09 to \u22120.27) associated with SO2 during days 0\u201330, a reduction in HC (\u22121.02 mm; 95% CI, \u22121.78 to \u22120.26) associated with PM10 during days 91\u2013120, and a reduction in FL associated with PM10 during days 0\u201330 (\u22120.28 mm; 95% CI, \u22120.48 to \u22120.08) and 91\u2013120 (\u22120.23; 95% CI, \u22120.42 to \u22120.04).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found strong effects of ambient air pollution on ultrasound measures. Future research, including more individually detailed data, is needed to confirm our results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10720","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,17]],"date-time":"2007-12-17T14:14:32Z","timestamp":1197900872000},"page":"362-369","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["The Effect of Ambient Air Pollution during Early Pregnancy on Fetal Ultrasonic Measurements during Mid-Pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian G.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Pritchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PacUser, Paddington, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit1","volume-title":"Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Area\u2019s (SEIFA), Australia","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit2","volume-title":"Australian Standard Geographical Classification Digital Boundaries, Australia, 2001 (CD-ROM)","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S155","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200407000-00406","article-title":"Partitioned regression analysis compared to case-crossover analysis","volume":"15","author":"Barnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8674","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in Australian and New Zealand cities","volume":"114","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108173","article-title":"Outdoor air pollution, low birth weight, and prematurity","volume":"108","author":"Bobak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504101640100_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500501","article-title":"Residential mobility patterns and exposure misclassification in epidemiologic studies of birth defects","volume":"16","author":"Canfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504101640100_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/089583701753403962","article-title":"Air pollution and birth weight in northern Nevada, 1991\u20131999","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit8","volume-title":"An Introduction to Generalized Linear Models","author":"Dobson","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504101640100_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-5823.2003.tb00195.x","article-title":"Health effects of air pollution: A statistical review","volume":"71","author":"Dominici","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int Stat Rev"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s4523","article-title":"Ambient particle inhalation and the cardiovascular system: potential mechanisms","volume":"109","author":"Donaldson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504101640100_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2004.00314.x","article-title":"Exposure to low outdoor temperature in the midtrimester is associated with low birth weight","volume":"44","author":"Elter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504101640100_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2004.00580.x","article-title":"Residential mobility during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"Fell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1159\/000051527","article-title":"Causes of oxidative stress in the pre- and peri-natal period","volume":"81","author":"Gitto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.58.1.11","article-title":"Association between ambient air pollution and birth weight in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Gouveia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504101640100_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200111000-00011","article-title":"Is air pollution a risk factor for low birth weight in Seoul?","volume":"12","author":"Ha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.06.010","article-title":"Low levels of ambient air pollution during pregnancy and fetal growth among term neonates in Brisbane, Australia","volume":"103","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080504101640100_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.60.8.612","article-title":"Oxidative stress: its role in air pollution and adverse health effects","volume":"60","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90004-2","article-title":"Residential mobility during pregnancy: implications for environmental teratogenesis","volume":"41","author":"Khoury","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.10140","article-title":"Prenatal smoke exposure alters growth in limb proportions and head shape in the midgestation human fetus","volume":"15","author":"Lampl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080504101640100_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00488.x","article-title":"The association of ambient outdoor temperature throughout pregnancy and offspring birthweight: findings from the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s cohort","volume":"112","author":"Lawlor","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg102","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution during different gestational phases contributes to risks of low birth weight","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080504101640100_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200103000-00010","article-title":"Referent selection in case-crossover analyses of acute health effects of air pollution","volume":"12","author":"Levy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6251","article-title":"Association between gaseous ambient air pollutants and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Vancouver, Canada","volume":"111","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8692","key":"2026080504101640100_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90878-9","article-title":"Blood-pressure, stroke, and coronary heart-disease. 1. Prolonged differences in blood-pressure -prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias","volume":"335","author":"MacMahon","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109s3351","article-title":"Relation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight in the northeastern United States","volume":"109","author":"Maisonet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080504101640100_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014282","article-title":"Impact of ambient air pollution on birth weight in Sydney, Australia","volume":"62","author":"Mannes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit27","first-page":"481","article-title":"Seasonality of mean birth weight and mean gestational period in Japan","volume":"65","author":"Matsuda","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080504101640100_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460500154699","article-title":"The association between birth weight, season of birth and latitude","volume":"32","author":"McGrath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080504101640100_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.03.013","article-title":"Seasonal fluctuations in birth weight and neonatal limb length; does prenatal vitamin D influence neonatal size and shape?","volume":"81","author":"McGrath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit30","first-page":"689","article-title":"Season and outdoor ambient temperature: effects on birth weight","volume":"96","author":"Murray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit31","first-page":"79","article-title":"Oxidative stress causes vascular dysfunction in the placenta","volume":"9","author":"Myatt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567d14","article-title":"Air pollution, social deprivation, and mortality: a multilevel cohort study","volume":"18","author":"N\u00e6ss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0889","article-title":"Air pollution and birth weight among term infants in California","volume":"115","author":"Parker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s3451","article-title":"Molecular epidemiologic research on the effects of environmental pollutants on the fetus","volume":"107","author":"Perera","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9910717","article-title":"The effect of ambient carbon monoxide on low birth weight among children born in southern California between 1989 and 1993","volume":"107","author":"Ritz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080504101640100_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2432","article-title":"Air pollution and very low birth weight infants: a target population?","volume":"118","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080504101640100_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010248","article-title":"Association of very low birth weight with exposures to environmental sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulates","volume":"151","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755453","volume-title":"Semiparametric Regression","author":"Ruppert","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8111","article-title":"Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children\u2019s Health Study","volume":"113","author":"Salam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1673.2004.01384.x","article-title":"Ultrasonic fetal size measurements in Brisbane, Australia","volume":"48","author":"Schluter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Australas Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080504101640100_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1992.9938355","article-title":"Residential mobility during pregnancy for mothers of infants with or without congenital cardiac anomalies: a reprint","volume":"47","author":"Shaw","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit42","article-title":"The immunology of pregnancy","volume-title":"Maternal-Fetal Medicine Principles and Practice","author":"Silver","year":"2004","edition":"5"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.111-1241344","article-title":"Personal PM2.5 exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood","volume":"111","author":"Sorensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00154.x","article-title":"Determinants of placental vascularity","volume":"51","author":"Torry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080504101640100_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.20030","article-title":"Maternal exposure to first-trimester sunshine is associated with increased birth weight in human infants","volume":"45","author":"Tustin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit46","volume-title":"Growth, Doppler and Fetal Assessment. In: Diagnostic Imaging of Fetal Anomalies","author":"Ville","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105514","article-title":"Association between air pollution and low birth weight: a community-based study","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5317","article-title":"Disparities in exposure to air pollution during pregnancy","volume":"111","author":"Woodruff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080504101640100_micit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390306385","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on birth weight among children born between 1995 and 1997 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2026080504101640100_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108419","article-title":"Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences","volume":"108","author":"Zeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/3\/362\/66398981\/ehp.10720.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/3\/362\/66398981\/ehp.10720.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:54:06Z","timestamp":1786629246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.10720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,17]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10720","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,17]]}}}