{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:45:05Z","timestamp":1786632305865,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3503,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Living near traffic has been associated with asthma and other respiratory symptoms. Most studies, however, have been conducted in areas with high background levels of ambient air pollution, making it challenging to isolate an independent effect of traffic. Additionally, most investigations have used surrogates of exposure, and few have measured traffic pollutants directly as part of the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional study of current asthma and other respiratory symptoms in children (n = 1,080) living at varying distances from high-traffic roads in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, a highly urbanized region characterized by good regional air quality due to coastal breezes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We obtained health information and home environmental factors by parental questionnaire. We assessed exposure with several measures of residential proximity to traffic calculated using geographic information systems, including traffic within a given radius and distance to major roads. We also measured traffic-related pollutants (nitrogen oxides and nitrogen dioxide) for a subset of households to determine how well traffic metrics correlated with measured traffic pollutants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using multivariate logistic regression analyses, we found associations between current asthma and residential proximity to traffic. For several traffic metrics, children whose residences were in the highest quintile of exposure had approximately twice the adjusted odds of current asthma (i.e., asthma episode in the preceeding 12 months) compared with children whose residences were within the lowest quintile. The highest risks were among those living within 75 m of a freeway\/highway. Most traffic metrics correlated moderately well with actual pollutant measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings provide evidence that even in an area with good regional air quality, proximity to traffic is associated with adverse respiratory health effects in children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,26]],"date-time":"2008-05-26T21:35:09Z","timestamp":1211837709000},"page":"1274-1279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Residential Traffic and Children\u2019s Respiratory Health"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Janice J.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Huen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California, USA"},{"name":"Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Smorodinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abby","family":"Hoats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Impact Assessment, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Malig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Lipsett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Ostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Air Pollution Epidemiology Section, Oakland, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"2026080503034321000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1053\/rmed.2002.1374","article-title":"Ambient level of NO2 augments the inflammatory response to inhaled allergen in asthmatics","volume":"96","author":"Barck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080503034321000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00083406","article-title":"Air pollution and development of asthma, allergy and infections in a birth cohort","volume":"29","author":"Brauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080503034321000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199705000-00012","article-title":"Air pollution from truck traffic and lung function in children living near motorways","volume":"8","author":"Brunekreef","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026080503034321000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110s4573","article-title":"Epidemiologic evidence for asthma and exposure to air toxics: linkages between occupational, indoor, and community air pollution research","volume":"110","author":"Delfino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107761","article-title":"Examining associations between childhood asthma and traffic flow using a geographic information system","volume":"107","author":"English","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080503034321000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000082045.50073.66","article-title":"Residence near a major road and respiratory symptoms in U.S. veterans","volume":"14","author":"Garshick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080503034321000_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181308.51440.75","article-title":"Childhood asthma and exposure to traffic and nitrogen dioxide","volume":"16","author":"Gauderman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080503034321000_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500436","article-title":"An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children","volume":"16","author":"Gordian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080503034321000_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500276","article-title":"Traffic density in California: socioeconomic and ethnic differences among potentially exposed children","volume":"13","author":"Gunier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9341","key":"2026080503034321000_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11280-3","article-title":"Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Hoek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6243","article-title":"The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren","volume":"111","author":"Janssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit12","volume-title":"Statistics for Epidemiology","author":"Jewell","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080503034321000_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200403-281OC","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution near busy roads: the East Bay Children\u2019s Respiratory Health Study","volume":"170","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080503034321000_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2001.4303","article-title":"Childhood asthma hospitalization and residential exposure to state route traffic","volume":"88","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8594","article-title":"Traffic, susceptibility, and childhood asthma","volume":"114","author":"McConnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.035337","article-title":"From measures to models: an evaluation of air pollution exposure assessment for epidemiologic studies of pregnant women","author":"Nethery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080503034321000_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00041103a","article-title":"Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children","volume":"21","author":"Nicolai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080503034321000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.11.047","article-title":"Biology of diesel exhaust effects on respiratory function","volume":"115","author":"Riedl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-6981(81)90024-X","article-title":"Variations of NO, NO2 and O3 concentrations downwind of a Los Angeles freeway","volume":"15","author":"Rodes","year":"1981","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit20","unstructured":"Schrank\n              DL\n            , LomaxTJ. 2005. The 2005 Urban Mobility Report. Texas Transportation InstituteAvailable: http:\/\/tti.tamu.edu\/documents\/ums\/mobility_report_2005_wappx.pdf[accessed 1 May 2008]."},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080503034321000_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.10.005","article-title":"Passive measurement of nitrogen oxides to assess traffic-related pollutant exposure for the East Bay Children\u2019s Respiratory Health Study","volume":"38","author":"Singer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2026080503034321000_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.03.034","article-title":"Long-term personal exposure to traffic-related air pollution among school children, a validation study","volume":"368","author":"van Roosbroeck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080503034321000_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.12.2106126","article-title":"Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children","volume":"164","author":"Venn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5688","article-title":"Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, 1994\u20131996","volume":"111","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080503034321000_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(02)00354-0","article-title":"Study of ultrafine particles near a major highway with heavy-duty diesel traffic","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080503034321000_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2002.10470842","article-title":"Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway","volume":"52","author":"Zhu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/9\/1274\/66396045\/ehp.10735.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/9\/1274\/66396045\/ehp.10735.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:54:08Z","timestamp":1786629248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.10735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10735","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,27]]}}}