{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:57:40Z","timestamp":1791424660801,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3693,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies have found an effect on mortality of between-city contrasts in long-term exposure to air pollution. The effect of within-city contrasts is still poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We studied the association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and mortality in a Dutch cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from an ongoing cohort study on diet and cancer with 120,852 subjects who were followed from 1987 to 1996. Exposure to black smoke (BS), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter \u2264mu;M2.5), as well as various exposure variables related to traffic, were estimated at the home address. We conducted Cox analyses in the full cohort adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and area-level socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traffic intensity on the nearest road was independently associated with mortality. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals) for a 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in BS concentrations (difference between 5th and 95th percentile) were 1.05 (1.00\u20131.11) for natural cause, 1.04 (0.95\u20131.13) for cardiovascular, 1.22 (0.99\u20131.50) for respiratory, 1.03 (0.88\u20131.20) for lung cancer, and 1.04 (0.97\u20131.12) for mortality other than cardiovascular, respiratory, or lung cancer. Results were similar for NO2 and PM2.5, but no associations were found for SO2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traffic-related air pollution and several traffic exposure variables were associated with mortality in the full cohort. Relative risks were generally small. Associations between natural-cause and respiratory mortality were statistically significant for NO2 and BS. These results add to the evidence that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with increased mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,16]],"date-time":"2007-11-16T16:18:35Z","timestamp":1195229915000},"page":"196-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":493,"title":["Long-Term Effects of Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Mortality in a Dutch Cohort (NLCS-AIR Study)"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Rob","family":"Beelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piet A.","family":"van den Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Alexandra","family":"Goldbohm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TNO Quality of Life, Department of Prevention and Health, Leiden, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo J.","family":"Schouten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Jerrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward Hughes Consulting, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public and Environmental Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9806020","article-title":"Long-term inhalable particles and other air pollutants related to mortality in nonsmokers","volume":"159","author":"Abbey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2006.10.020","article-title":"Estimated long-term outdoor air pollution concentrations in a cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Beelen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11274-8","article-title":"Air pollution and health","volume":"360","author":"Brunekreef","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit4","volume-title":"Care for Health: Public Health Forecast 2006 [Zorg voor gezondheid. Volksgezondheid Toekomst Verkenning 2006]","author":"de Hollander","year":"2006"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401","article-title":"An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities","volume":"329","author":"Dockery","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014746","article-title":"Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey","volume":"62","author":"Filleul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60037-3","article-title":"Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: a cohort study","volume":"369","author":"Gauderman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000224541.38258.87","article-title":"Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiopulmonary mortality in women","volume":"17","author":"Gehring","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11280-3","article-title":"Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study","volume":"360","author":"Hoek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000181630.15826.7d","article-title":"Spatial analysis of air pollution and mortality in Los Angeles","volume":"16","author":"Jerrett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit12","volume-title":"Address Coordinates Netherlands (ACN) - Quality survey 2000 [Adres Coordinaten Nederland (ACN) -Kwaliteitsonderzoek 2000]","author":"Kadata","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2004388","article-title":"Dietary antioxidants and environmental stress","volume":"63","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04982.x","article-title":"Air pollution and its health impacts: the changing panorama","volume":"177","author":"Kjellstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit15","volume-title":"Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities Study and the American Cancer Society Study of Particulate Air Pollution and Mortality","author":"Krewski","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200503-443OC","article-title":"Reduction in fine particulate air pollution and mortality: extended follow-up of the Harvard Six Cities Study","volume":"173","author":"Laden","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1989.10478874","article-title":"The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model","volume":"84","author":"Lin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/90.1.157","article-title":"Random effects Cox models: a Poisson modelling approach","volume":"90","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054409","article-title":"Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women","volume":"356","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6684","article-title":"Urban air pollution and mortality in a cohort of Norwegian men","volume":"112","author":"Nafstad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199207000-00002","article-title":"Time-related confounders and intermediate variables","volume":"3","author":"Pearce","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1132","article-title":"Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution","volume":"287","author":"Pope","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F","article-title":"Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease","volume":"109","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.151.3.7881654","article-title":"Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults","volume":"151","author":"Pope","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.2.9705029","article-title":"Pulmonary ventilatory defects and occupational exposures in a population-based study in Spain. Spanish Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey","volume":"157","author":"Sunyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(90)90009-E","article-title":"A large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer in the Netherlands","volume":"43","author":"van den Brandt","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/19.3.553","article-title":"Development of a record linkage protocol for use in the Dutch cancer registry for epidemiological research","volume":"19","author":"van den Brandt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit28","first-page":"195","article-title":"Methods for the analyses of case-cohort studies","volume":"39","author":"Volovics","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit29","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision","author":"WHO","year":"1975"},{"key":"2026080312101100000_micit30","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision","author":"WHO","year":"1993"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/2\/196\/66365803\/ehp.10767.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/2\/196\/66365803\/ehp.10767.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:54:10Z","timestamp":1786629250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.10767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,19]]}}}