{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T02:13:32Z","timestamp":1791080012117,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3460,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poverty is a major determinant of population health, but little is known about its role in modifying air pollution effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We set out to examine whether people residing in socially deprived communities are at higher mortality risk from ambient air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 209 tertiary planning units (TPUs), the smallest units for town planning in the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong, China. The socioeconomic status of each TPU was measured by a social deprivation index (SDI) derived from the proportions of the population with a) unemployment, b) monthly household income &amp;lt; US$250, c) no schooling at all, d) one-person household, e) never-married status, and f ) subtenancy, from the 2001 Population Census. TPUs were classified into three levels of SDI: low, middle, and high. We performed time-series analysis with Poisson regression to examine the association between changes in daily concentrations of ambient air pollution and daily number of deaths in each SDI group for the period from January 1996 to December 2002. We evaluated the differences in pollution effects between different SDI groups using a case-only approach with logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found significant associations of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter &amp;lt; 10 \u03bcm, and ozone with all nonaccidental and cardiovascular mortality in areas of middle or high SDI (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Health outcomes, measured as all nonaccidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, in people residing in high SDI areas were more strongly associated with SO2 and NO2 compared with those in middle or low SDI areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation increases mortality risks associated with air pollution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]],"date-time":"2008-06-19T14:51:06Z","timestamp":1213887066000},"page":"1189-1194","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["The Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality in Socially Deprived Urban Areas in Hong Kong, China"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Chit-Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Quan","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"King-Pan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuen-Kwan","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thuan-Quoc","family":"Thach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger Yat-Nork","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham Neil","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Sriyal Malik","family":"Peiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tze-Wai","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Family Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony Johnson","family":"Hedley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Hing","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080503040401200_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000071408.39011.99","article-title":"Fixed factors that modify the effects of time-varying factors: applying the case-only approach","volume":"14","author":"Armstrong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080503040401200_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112210.68754.fa","article-title":"Who is sensitive to the effects of particulate air pollution on mortality? 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