{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:14:32Z","timestamp":1791400472971,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3453,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current understanding on health effects of long-term polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is limited by lack of data on time-varying nature of the pollutants at an individual level. In a cohort of pregnant women in Krakow, Poland, we examined the contribution of temporal, spatial, and behavioral factors to prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs within each trimester and developed a predictive model of PAH exposure over the entire gestational period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We monitored nonsmoking pregnant women (n = 341) for their personal exposure to pyrene and eight carcinogenic PAHs\u2014benz[a]anthracene, chrysene\/isochrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P], indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and benzo[g,h,i]perylene\u2014during their second trimester for a consecutive 48-hr period. In a subset (n = 78), we monitored indoor and outdoor levels simultaneously with the personal monitoring during the second trimester with an identical monitor. The subset of women was also monitored for personal exposure for a 48-hr period during each trimester. We repeatedly administered a questionnaire on health history, lifestyle, and home environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The observed personal, indoor, and outdoor B(a)P levels we observed in Krakow far exceed the recommended Swedish guideline value for B(a)P of 0.1 ng\/m3. Based on simultaneously monitored levels, the outdoor PAH level alone accounts for 93% of total variability in personal exposure during the heating season. Living near the Krakow bus depot, a crossroad, and the city center and time spent outdoors or commuting were not associated with higher personal exposure. During the nonheating season only, a 1-hr increase in environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was associated with a 10\u201316% increase in personal exposure to the nine measured PAHs. A 1\u00b0C decrease in ambient temperature was associated with a 3\u20135% increase in exposure to benz[a]anthracene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene, after accounting for the outdoor concentration. A random effects model demonstrated that mean personal exposure at a given gestational period depends on the season, residence location, and ETS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering that most women reported spending &amp;lt; 3 hr\/day outdoors, most women in the study were exposed to outdoor-originating PAHs within the indoor setting. Cross-sectional, longitudinal monitoring supplemented with questionnaire data allowed development of a gestation-length model of individual-level exposure with high precision and validity. These results are generalizable to other nonsmoking pregnant women in similar exposure settings and support reduction of exposure to protect the developing fetus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T10:14:00Z","timestamp":1216203240000},"page":"1509-1518","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Estimating Individual-Level Exposure to Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons throughout the Gestational Period Based on Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Hyunok","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederica","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Pac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Flak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Mroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryszard","family":"Jacek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia","family":"Chai-Onn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieslaw","family":"Jedrychowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Masters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Camann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"suppl 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