{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:20:28Z","timestamp":1792639228972,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3529,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The social and medical problems of drug abuse are a matter of increasing global concern. To tackle drug abuse in changing scenarios, international drug agencies need fresh methods to monitor trends and patterns of illicit drug consumption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We tested a sewage epidemiology approach, using levels of excreted drug residues in wastewater, to monitor collective use of the major drugs of abuse in near real time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Selected drug target residues derived from use of cocaine, opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines were measured by mass spectrometry in wastewater collected at major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy), Lugano (Switzerland), and London (United Kingdom). The amounts of drug residues conveyed to the treatment plants, reflecting the amounts collectively excreted with urine, were used to estimate consumption of the active parent drugs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reproducible and characteristic profiles of illicit drug use were obtained in the three cities, thus for the first time quickly revealing changes in local consumption (e.g., cocaine consumption rose significantly on weekends in Milan). Profiles of local drug consumption based on waste-water measurements are in line with national annual prevalence estimates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patterns and trends of drug abuse in local communities can be promptly monitored by this tool, a convenient new complement to more complex, lengthy survey methods. In principle, searching the sewage for excreted compounds relevant to public health issues appears to have the potential to become a convenient source of real-time epidemiologic information.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,3]],"date-time":"2008-04-03T16:46:18Z","timestamp":1207241178000},"page":"1027-1032","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":592,"title":["Estimating Community Drug Abuse by Wastewater Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Ettore","family":"Zuccato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Chiabrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renzo","family":"Bagnati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit1","volume-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","author":"Baselt","year":"2004","edition":"3"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5821.42","article-title":"Hard data on hard drugs, grabbed from the environment","volume":"316","author":"Bohannon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1039\/b702799k","article-title":"Using environmental analytical data to estimate levels of community consumption of illicit drugs and abused pharmaceuticals","volume":"9","author":"Bones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Environ Monit"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20168","article-title":"Mass spectrometric analysis of illicit drugs in waste-water and surface water","volume":"27","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8421","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061095b","article-title":"Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit6","unstructured":"Caulkins\n              JP\n            , EveringhamSS, RydellCP, ChiesaJ, BushwayS. 1999. Estimating average lifetime cocaine consumption. An Ounce of Prevention, a Pound of Uncertainty. RAND Corporation Series: Monograph\/ReportsDocument No. MR-923-RWJ, 89\u201396. Available: http:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/monograph_reports\/MR923\/MR923.appa.pdf[accessed 3 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359409005547","article-title":"Cocaine use in Amsterdam in non deviant subcultures","volume":"2","author":"Cohen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addict Res"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00342-X","article-title":"Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities","volume":"302","author":"D\u2019Ascenzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit9","first-page":"348","article-title":"Illicit drugs in municipal sewage: proposed new non-intrusive tool to heighten public awareness of societal use of illicit\/abused drugs and their potential for ecological consequences","volume-title":"Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment. Scientific and Regulatory Issues","author":"Daughton","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0406-376","article-title":"Drugs down the drain","volume":"12","author":"Dove","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit11","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction)\n          . 1997. Improving the Comparability of General Population Surveys on Drug Use in the EUAvailable: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/?nnodeid=1380[accessed 4 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit12","unstructured":"EMCDDA (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction)\n          . 2006. Annual Report: The State of the Drug Problem in EuropeAvailable: http:\/\/ar2006.emcdda.europa.eu\/en\/home-en.html[accessed 3 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2005.03.007","article-title":"Contribution of effluents from hospitals and private households to the total loads of diclofenac and carbamazepine in municipal sewage effluents\u2014modeling versus measurements","volume":"122","author":"Heberer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1021\/ac062370x","article-title":"Ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters","volume":"79","author":"Huerta-Fontela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/20.6.441","article-title":"Urinary excretion profiles of 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans after single smoked doses of marijuana","volume":"20","author":"Huestis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Anal Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1021\/es048143z","article-title":"Screening of human antibiotic substances and determination of weekly mass flows in five sewage treatment plants in Sweden","volume":"39","author":"Lindberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000211812.27558.6e","article-title":"Toxicokinetics of drugs of abuse: current knowledge of the isoenzymes involved in the human metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and codeine","volume":"28","author":"Maurer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00335-0","article-title":"Behaviour and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants\u2013II. Aerobic batch experiments with activated sludge","volume":"225","author":"Ternes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit19","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime)\n          . 2004. World Drug Report. Vol 2. StatisticsAvailable: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/pdf\/WDR_2004\/methodology.pdf[accessed 4 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit20","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime)\n          . 2006. United Nations Office of Drug and Crime. World Drug Report. Vol. 2. StatisticsAvailable: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/pdf\/WDR_2006\/wdr2006_volume2.pdf[accessed 4 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit21","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime)\n          . 2007a. Annual ReportAvailable: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/pdf\/annual_report_2007\/AR06_fullreport.pdf[accessed 3 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit22","unstructured":"UNODC (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime)\n          . 2007b. Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Draft Resolution E\/CN.7\/2007\/L.16\/Rev.1Available: http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/unodc\/commissions\/CND\/07-reports.html[accessed 4 July 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit23","first-page":"41","article-title":"L\u2019utilizzo dei farmaci analgesici nella terapia del dolore","volume":"1","author":"Zuccaro","year":"2006","journal-title":"La Rivista Italiana di Cure Palliative"},{"key":"2026080313171335400_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-14","article-title":"Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse","volume":"4","author":"Zuccato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/8\/1027\/66371386\/ehp.11022.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/8\/1027\/66371386\/ehp.11022.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:56:11Z","timestamp":1786629371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.11022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.11022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,1]]}}}