{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:21:45Z","timestamp":1790612505319,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2492,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: In male rodents, anogenital distance (AGD) provides a sensitive and continuous correlate of androgen exposure in the intrauterine environment and predicts later reproductive success. Some endocrine-disrupting chemicals can alter male reproductive tract development, including shortening AGD, in both rodents and humans. Whether AGD is related to semen quality in human is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We examined associations between AGD and semen parameters in adult males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used multiple regression analyses to model the relationships between sperm parameters and two alternative measures of AGD [from the anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and to the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP)] in 126 volunteers in Rochester, New York.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: AGDAS, but not AGDAP, was associated with sperm concentration, motility, morphology, total sperm count, and total motile count (p-values, 0.002\u20130.048). Men with AGDAS below (vs. above) the median were 7.3 times more likely (95% confidence interval, 2.5\u201321.6) to have a low sperm concentration (&amp;lt; 20 \u00d7 106\/mL). For a typical study participant, sperm concentrations were 34.7 \u00d7 106\/mL and 51.6 \u00d7 106\/mL at the 25th and 75th percentiles of (adjusted) AGDAS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: In our population, AGDAS was a strong correlate of all semen parameters and a predictor of low sperm concentration. In animals, male AGD at birth reflects androgen levels during the masculinization programming window and predicts adult AGD and reproductive function. Our results suggest, therefore, that the androgenic environment during early fetal life exerts a fundamental influence on both AGD and adult sperm counts in humans, as demonstrated in rodents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,3]],"date-time":"2011-03-03T23:07:54Z","timestamp":1299193674000},"page":"958-963","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Shorter Anogenital Distance Predicts Poorer Semen Quality in Young Men in Rochester, New York"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Jaime","family":"Mendiola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"},{"name":"Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Espinardo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Stahlhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanna H.","family":"Swan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA"},{"name":"Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080314041983500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4696","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2633","article-title":"Secular decline in male testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin serum levels in Danish population surveys.","volume":"92","author":"Andersson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026080314041983500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490265894","article-title":"Male reproductive tract lesions at 6, 12, and 18 months of age following in utero exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate.","volume":"32","author":"Barlow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol Pathol"},{"key":"2026080314041983500_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during the past 50 years.","volume":"305","author":"Carlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080314041983500_micit4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\n          . 2010. 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