{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:29:48Z","timestamp":1792794588195,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2187,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Short-term exposure to air pollution has been associated with changes in blood pressure (BP) and emergency department visits for hypertension, but little is known about the effects of long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution on BP and hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We studied whether long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with BP and hypertension.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: In 1993\u20131997, 57,053 participants 50\u201364 years of age were enrolled in a population-based cohort study. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP, respectively) were measured at enrollment. Self-reported incident hypertension during a mean follow-up of 5.3 years was assessed by questionnaire. We used a validated dispersion model to estimate residential long-term nitrogen oxides (NOx), a marker of traffic-related air pollution, for the 1- and 5-year periods prior to enrollment and before a diagnosis of hypertension. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of associations between air pollution and BP at enrollment with linear regression, adjusting for traffic noise, measured short-term NOx, temperature, relative humidity, and potential lifestyle confounders (n = 44,436). We analyzed incident hypertension with Cox regression, adjusting for traffic noise and potential confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: A doubling of NOx exposure during 1- and 5-year periods preceding enrollment was associated with 0.53-mmHg decreases [95% confidence interval (CI): \u20130.88, \u20130.19 mmHg] and 0.50-mmHg decreases (95% CI: \u20130.84, \u20130.16 mmHg) in SBP, respectively. Long-term exposure also was associated with a lower prevalence of baseline self-reported hypertension (per doubling of 5-year mean NOx: odds ratio = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.00), whereas long-term NOx exposure was not associated with incident self-reported hypertension during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution was associated with a slightly lower prevalence of BP at baseline, but was not associated with incident hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]],"date-time":"2012-01-03T10:32:51Z","timestamp":1325586771000},"page":"418-424","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Long-Term Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution Associated with Blood Pressure and Self-Reported Hypertension in a Danish Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Mette","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine and Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hvidberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Ketzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steen Solvang","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zorana Jovanovic","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Tj\u00f8nneland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Overvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Raaschou-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201006-0937OC","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution: a cohort study.","volume":"183","author":"Andersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10899","article-title":"Associations between recent exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and blood pressure in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).","volume":"116","author":"Auchincloss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.32464","article-title":"Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk: updated review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased.","volume":"8","author":"Babisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006448321977","article-title":"OSPM\u2014a parameterised street pollution model.","volume":"65","author":"Berkowicz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2007.04.007","article-title":"Evaluation and application of OSPM for traffic pollution assessment for a large number of street locations.","volume":"23","author":"Berkowicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Modell Softw"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500195","article-title":"Exposure of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients to particles: respiratory and cardiovascular health effects.","volume":"11","author":"Brauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1","article-title":"Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease: an update to the scientific statement from the American Heart Association.","volume":"121","author":"Brook","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.130237","article-title":"Insights into the mechanisms and mediators of the effects of air pollution exposure on blood pressure and vascular function in healthy humans.","volume":"54","author":"Brook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181ceff7a","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar: a population-based approach.","volume":"52","author":"Chuang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.052704","article-title":"Long-term air pollution exposure and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among the elderly in Taiwan.","volume":"68","author":"Chuang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e318058a9ff","article-title":"Hypertension and road traffic noise exposure.","volume":"49","author":"de Kluizenaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi035","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: a panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil.","volume":"26","author":"de Paula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.123877","article-title":"Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on blood pressure: differential effects across urban communities.","volume":"53","author":"Dvonch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000158918.57071.3e","article-title":"Exposure to ambient and nonambient components of particulate matter: a comparison of health effects.","volume":"16","author":"Ebelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199507000-00005","article-title":"Dose\u2013response and trend analysis in epidemiology: alternatives to categorical analysis.","volume":"6","author":"Greenland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-57","article-title":"Gaseous air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China: a time-stratified case-crossover study.","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.06.042","article-title":"The relationship between particulate air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China.","volume":"408","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.01.012","article-title":"Effects of particulate air pollution on systolic blood pressure: a population-based approach.","volume":"101","author":"Harrabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200173010137","article-title":"Human exposure to traffic pollution. Experience from Danish studies.","volume":"73","author":"Hertel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pure Appl Chem"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800362","article-title":"Chronic residential exposure to particulate matter air pollution and systemic inflammatory markers.","volume":"117","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6523","article-title":"Effects of particulate air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate in subjects with cardiovascular disease: a multicenter approach.","volume":"112","author":"Ibald-Mulli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2009.01.001","article-title":"Air pollution exposure and self-reported cardiovascular disease.","volume":"109","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1071\/EN10070","article-title":"Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM)\u2014a review of performed validation studies, and future prospects.","volume":"7","author":"Kakosimos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit24","article-title":"Evaluation of AirGIS: a GIS-based air pollution and human exposure modelling system.","author":"Ketzel","journal-title":"Int J Environ Pollution."},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1016\/S1352-2310(03)00245-0","article-title":"Particle and trace gas emission factors under urban driving conditions in Copenhagen based on street and roof level observations.","volume":"37","author":"Ketzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9025-x","article-title":"Associations between environmental exposure and blood pressure among participants in the Oslo Health Study (HUBRO).","volume":"21","author":"Madsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002353","article-title":"Lung cancer incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution from traffic.","volume":"119","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-10-0036","article-title":"Air pollution from traffic and risk for lung cancer in three Danish cohorts.","volume":"19","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500070","article-title":"An air pollution model for use in epidemiological studies: evaluation with measured levels of nitrogen dioxide and benzene.","volume":"10","author":"Raaschou-Nielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq466","article-title":"Road traffic noise and stroke: a prospective cohort study.","volume":"32","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3803","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2098","article-title":"Choice of time-scale in Cox\u2019s model analysis of epidemiologic cohort data: a simulation study.","volume":"23","author":"Thiebaut","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940601047986","article-title":"Study design, exposure variables, and socioeconomic determinants of participation in Diet, Cancer and Health: a population-based prospective cohort study of 57,053 men and women in Denmark.","volume":"35","author":"Tj\u00f8nneland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7785","article-title":"Acute blood pressure responses in healthy adults during controlled air pollution exposures.","volume":"113","author":"Urch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit34","article-title":"Declaration of Helsinki\u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Last amended, 59th WMA General Assembly","author":"World Medical Association (WMA)","year":"2008","journal-title":"Seoul, Korea, October 2008"},{"key":"2026081810425401800_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000143831.33243.D8","article-title":"Ambient pollution and blood pressure in cardiac rehabilitation patients.","volume":"110","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/418\/66373582\/ehp.1103631.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/3\/418\/66373582\/ehp.1103631.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:04:00Z","timestamp":1787069040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article\/120\/3\/418\/5241514\/Long-Term-Exposure-to-Traffic-Related-Air"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1103631","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,3]]}}}