{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T09:59:50Z","timestamp":1791280790801,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1997,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Tetrachloroethylene (PCE; or perchloroethylene) has been implicated in visual impairments among adults with occupational and environmental exposures as well as children born to women with occupational exposure during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: Using a population-based retrospective cohort study, we examined the association between prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and deficits in adult color vision and contrast sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We estimated the amount of PCE that was delivered to the family residence from participants\u2019 gestation through 5 years of age. We administered to this now adult study population vision tests to assess acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Participants exposed to higher PCE levels exhibited lower contrast sensitivity at intermediate and high spatial frequencies compared with unexposed participants, although the differences were generally not statistically significant. Exposed participants also exhibited poorer color discrimination than unexposed participants. The difference in mean color confusion indices (CCI) was statistically significant for the Farnsworth test but not Lanthony\u2019s D-15d test [Farnsworth CCI mean difference = 0.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.003, 0.10; Lanthony CCI mean difference = 0.07, 95% CI: \u20130.02, 0.15].<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Prenatal and early childhood exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water may be associated with long-term subclinical visual dysfunction in adulthood, particularly with respect to color discrimination. Further investigation of this association in similarly exposed populations is necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1103996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]],"date-time":"2012-07-11T01:11:10Z","timestamp":1341969070000},"page":"1327-1332","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene and Adult Vision"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Getz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Janulewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susannah","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice M.","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica M.","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta F.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Aschengrau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2026080510021185200_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1028","article-title":"Neurobehavioral and neurophysiological outcome of chronic low-level tetrachloroethene exposure measured in neighborhoods of dry 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