{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T09:36:32Z","timestamp":1791192992212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2067,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Specific characteristics of particulate matter (PM) responsible for associations with respiratory health observed in epidemiological studies are not well established. High correlations among, and differential measurement errors of, individual components contribute to this uncertainty.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We investigated which characteristics of PM have the most consistent associations with acute changes in respiratory function in healthy volunteers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used a semiexperimental design to accurately assess exposure. We increased exposure contrast and reduced correlations among PM characteristics by exposing volunteers at five different locations: an underground train station, two traffic sites, a farm, and an urban background site. Each of the 31 participants was exposed for 5 hr while exercising intermittently, three to seven times at different locations during March\u2013October 2009. We measured PM10, PM2.5, particle number concentrations (PNC), absorbance, elemental\/organic carbon, trace metals, secondary inorganic components, endotoxin content, gaseous pollutants, and PM oxidative potential. Lung function [FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec), FVC (forced vital capacity), FEF25\u201375 (forced expiratory flow at 25\u201375% of vital capacity), and PEF (peak expiratory flow)] and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) were measured before and at three time points after exposure. Data were analyzed with mixed linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: An interquartile increase in PNC (33,000 particles\/cm3) was associated with an 11% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5, 17%] and 12% (95% CI: 6, 17%) FENO increase over baseline immediately and at 2 hr postexposure, respectively. A 7% (95% CI: 0.5, 14%) increase persisted until the following morning. These associations were robust and insensitive to adjustment for other pollutants. Similarly consistent associations were seen between FVC and FEV1 with PNC, NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), and NOx (nitrogen oxides).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Changes in PNC, NO2, and NOx were associated with evidence of acute airway inflammation (i.e., FENO) and impaired lung function. PM mass concentration and PM10 oxidative potential were not predictive of the observed acute responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,2]],"date-time":"2012-05-02T15:19:51Z","timestamp":1335971991000},"page":"1183-1189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":324,"title":["Respiratory Health Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter: The Role of Particle Size, Composition, and Oxidative Potential\u2014The RAPTES Project"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Strak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole A.H","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal J","family":"Godri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilse","family":"Gosens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S","family":"Mudway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flemming R","family":"Cassee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Lebret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-HPA Centre for Environmental Health, King\u2019s College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy M","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bert","family":"Brunekreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"Steenhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, 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Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official statement of the European Respiratory Society.","volume":"16","author":"Quanjer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Respir J Suppl"},{"key":"2026080509071981900_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200807-1043OC","article-title":"Concentrated ambient ultrafine particle exposure induces cardiac changes in young healthy volunteers.","volume":"179","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"2026080509071981900_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.046847","article-title":"Respiratory health effects of ultrafine and fine particle exposure in cyclists.","volume":"67","author":"Strak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080509071981900_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strak\n              M\n            , JanssenNA, GodriKJ, GosensI, MudwayIS, CasseeFR; . 2012. 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Air Quality Guidelines. Global Update 2005. Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, and Sulfur Dioxide. Copenhagen:WHO Regional Office for Europe.Available: http:\/\/www.euro.who.int\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0005\/78638\/E90038.pdf [accessed 6 July 2012]."},{"key":"2026080509071981900_micit20","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization)\n          . 2007. 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