{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:30:38Z","timestamp":1786631438178,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2130,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Different lines of evidence suggest that low-level lead exposure could be a modifiable risk factor for adverse psychological symptoms, but little work has explored this relation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: We assessed whether bone lead\u2014a biomarker of cumulative lead exposure\u2014is associated with depression and anxiety symptoms among middle-age and elderly women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Participants were 617 Nurses\u2019 Health Study participants with K-shell X-ray fluorescence bone lead measures and who had completed at last one Mental Health Index 5-item scale (MHI-5) and the phobic anxiety scale of the Crown-Crisp Index (CCI) assessment at mean \u00b1 SD age of 59 \u00b1 9 years (range, 41\u201383 years). With exposure expressed as tertiles of bone lead, we analyzed MHI-5 scores as a continuous variable using linear regression and estimated the odds ratio (OR) of a CCI score \u2265 4 using generalized estimating equations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: There were no significant associations between lead and either outcome in the full sample, but associations were found among premenopausal women and women who consistently took hormone replacement therapy (HRT) between menopause and bone lead measurement (n = 142). Compared with women in the lowest tertile of tibia lead, those in the highest scored 7.78 points worse [95% confidence interval (CI): \u201311.73, \u20133.83] on the MHI-5 (p-trend = 0.0001). The corresponding OR for CCI \u2265 4 was 2.79 (95% CI: 1.02, 7.59; p-trend = 0.05). No consistent associations were found with patella lead.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: These results provide support for an association of low-level cumulative lead exposure with increased depressive and phobic anxiety symptoms among older women who are premenopausal or who consistently take postmenopausal HRT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]],"date-time":"2012-02-29T09:54:23Z","timestamp":1330509263000},"page":"817-823","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Relation of Cumulative Low-Level Lead Exposure to Depressive and Phobic Anxiety Symptom Scores in Middle-Age and Elderly Women"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Ki-Do","family":"Eum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan A.","family":"Korrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Weuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Okereke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura D.","family":"Kubzansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc G.","family":"Weisskopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2026080507034157100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000153813.64165.5D","article-title":"Phobic anxiety and risk of coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death among women.","volume":"111","author":"Albert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080507034157100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830220033006","article-title":"\u201cVascular depression\u201d hypothesis.","volume":"54","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026080507034157100_micit3","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 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