{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:44:59Z","timestamp":1791251099470,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2172,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Pesticide\u2013environment interactions are bidirectional. The environment alters pesticides by metabolism and photodegradation, and pesticides in turn change the environment through nontarget or secondary effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: Approximately 900 currently used commercial pesticides of widely diverse structures act by nearly a hundred mechanisms to control insects, weeds, and fungi, usually with minimal disruption of nature\u2019s equilibrium. Here I consider some aspects of the discovery, development, and use of ecofriendly or green pesticides (i.e., pesticides that are safe, effective, and biodegradable with minimal adverse secondary effects on the environment). Emphasis is given to research in my laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Discussion: The need for understanding and improving pesticide\u2013environment interactions began with production of the first major insecticide approximately 150 years ago: The arsenical poison Paris Green was green in color but definitely not ecofriendly. Development and use of other pesticides has led to a variety of problems. Topics considered here include the need for high purity [e.g., hexachlorocyclohexane and polychloroborane isomers and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)], environmental degradation and the bioactivity of resulting photoproducts and metabolites, pesticide photochemistry (including the use of structural optimization, photostabilizers, and photosensitizers to achieve suitable persistence), the presence of multiple active ingredients in botanical insecticides, the need to consider compounds with common mechanisms of action, issues related to primary and secondary targets, and chemically induced or genetically modified changes in plant biochemistry. Many insecticides are bird, fish, and honeybee toxicants, whereas herbicides and fungicides pose fewer environmental problems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Six factors have contributed to the greening of pesticide\u2013environment interactions: advances in pesticide chemistry and toxicology, banning of many chlorinated hydrocarbons, the development of new biochemical targets, increased reliance on genetically modified crops that reduce the amount and variety of pesticides applied, emphasis on biodegradability and environmental protection, and integrated pest- and pesticide-management systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,18]],"date-time":"2012-01-18T10:27:22Z","timestamp":1326882442000},"page":"487-493","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The Greening of Pesticide\u2013Environment Interactions: Some Personal Observations"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"John E.","family":"Casida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, and"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080314064370000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-3575(83)90064-0","article-title":"Dichloroacetamide herbicide antidotes enhance sulfate metabolism in corn roots.","volume":"19","author":"Adams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pestic Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2026080314064370000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1021\/tx800218n","article-title":"Glyphosate formulations induce apoptosis and necrosis in human umbilical, embryonic and placental cells.","volume":"22","author":"Benachour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080314064370000_micit3","article-title":"Chlorinated insecticides: retrospect and prospect. 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