{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T16:32:41Z","timestamp":1791045161043,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2013,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Previous studies have suggested that diabetes mellitus (DM) is an outcome of exposure to air pollution, and metabolic detoxification genes affect air pollution\u2013related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We evaluated associations between air pollutants and markers of insulin resistance (IR), an underlying mechanism of type 2 DM, and effect modification by GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes among elderly participants in the Korean Elderly Environmental Panel (KEEP) study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We recruited 560 people \u2265 60 years of age and obtained blood samples from them up to three times between 2008 and 2010. For air pollution exposure, we used ambient air pollutant [i.e., particulate matter \u2264 10 \u00b5m in diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] monitoring data. We measured levels of fasting glucose and insulin and derived the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) index to assess IR. Mixed-effect models were used to estimate associations between air pollutants and IR indices on the same day or lagged up to 10 days prior, and effect modification by GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Interquartile range increases in PM10, O3, and NO2 were significantly associated with IR indices, depending on the lag period. Associations were stronger among participants with a history of DM and among those with GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null, and GSTP1 AG or GG genotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our results suggest that PM10, O3, and NO2 may increase IR in the elderly, and that GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null, and GSTP1 AG or GG genotypes may increase susceptibility to potential effects of ambient air pollutants on IR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,26]],"date-time":"2012-06-26T13:44:21Z","timestamp":1340718261000},"page":"1378-1384","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["<i>GSTM1<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>GSTT1<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>GSTP1<\/i>\n                    Polymorphisms and Associations between Air Pollutants and Markers of Insulin Resistance in Elderly Koreans"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Jin Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun-Chul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901077","article-title":"Exposures to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and oxidative stress in schoolchildren.","volume":"118","author":"Bae","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610040750500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000112210.68754.fa","article-title":"Who is sensitive to the effects of particulate air pollution on mortality? A case\u2013crossover analysis of effect modifiers.","volume":"15","author":"Bateson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610040750500_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e31815dba70","article-title":"The relationship between diabetes mellitus and traffic-related air pollution.","volume":"50","author":"Brook","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10565","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and inflammatory responses to long-term particulate air pollutants.","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8469","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, and hypertension may enhance associations between air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation.","volume":"114","author":"Dubowsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080610040750500_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2007.06.011","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome: a unifying hypothesis.","volume":"19","author":"Grattagliano","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610040750500_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5448.2002.30403.x","article-title":"Role of exposure to air pollutants in the development of type 1 diabetes before and after 5 yr of age.","volume":"3","author":"Hathout","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610040750500_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-4564.2007.07491.x","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome in East Asians.","volume":"2","author":"Hoang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Cardiometab Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610040750500_micit9","first-page":"21","article-title":"The association of daily diabetes mortality and outdoor air pollution in Shanghai, China.","volume":"67","author":"Kan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610040750500_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.022","article-title":"Lifestyle and environmental factors associated with inflammation, oxidative stress and insulin resistance in children.","volume":"203","author":"Kelishadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080610040750500_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-020-00106-5","article-title":"GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1 gene polymorphisms modify the effect of smoking on serum immunoglobulin E level.","volume":"2","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Cell Toxicol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2026080610040750500_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390701459213","article-title":"Fine oil combustion particle bioavailable constituents induce molecular profiles of oxidative stress, altered function, and cellular injury in cardiomyocytes.","volume":"70","author":"Knuckles","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610040750500_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.2.4.433","article-title":"Multiple roles of the PI3\/PKB (Akt) pathway in cell cycle progression.","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"5568","key":"2026080610040750500_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1126\/science.296.5568.686","article-title":"Unraveling the causes of diabetes.","volume":"296","author":"Marx","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080610040750500_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man.","volume":"28","author":"Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9537","article-title":"Mortality risk associated with short-term exposure to traffic particles and sulfates.","volume":"115","author":"Maynard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610040750500_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq403","article-title":"Interactive effects of antioxidant genes and air pollution on respiratory function and airway disease: a HuGE review.","volume":"173","author":"Minelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026080610040750500_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517110","article-title":"Diabetes enhances vulnerability to particulate air pollution-associated impairment in vascular reactivity and endothelial function.","volume":"111","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8335","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in nine California counties: results from CALFINE.","volume":"114","author":"Ostro","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610040750500_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwk051","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular emergency department visits in potentially sensitive groups.","volume":"165","author":"Peel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610040750500_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2008005000020","article-title":"Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.","volume":"41","author":"Pereira Filho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610040750500_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.2.484S","article-title":"The different paths to 100.","volume":"83","author":"Perls","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6588","article-title":"Ambient particulate air pollution, heart rate variability, and blood markers of inflammation in a panel of elderly subjects.","volume":"112","author":"Pope","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002344","article-title":"Are particulate matter exposures associated with risk of type 2 diabetes?","volume":"119","author":"Puett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476493","article-title":"Analysis of semiparametric regression models for repeated outcomes in the presence of missing data.","volume":"90","author":"Robins","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Statist Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610040750500_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.200909-097RM","article-title":"Gene by environment interaction and ambient air pollution.","volume":"7","author":"Romieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2026080610040750500_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.581","article-title":"Inference and missing data.","volume":"63","author":"Rubin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080610040750500_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.799015","article-title":"Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610040750500_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2010160","article-title":"Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM10).","volume":"164","author":"van Eeden","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080610040750500_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn400","article-title":"Heart rate variability, ambient particulate matter air pollution, and glucose homeostasis: the environmental epidemiology of arrhythmogenesis in the women\u2019s health initiative.","volume":"169","author":"Whitsel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080610040750500_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.110.215350","article-title":"Effect of early particulate air pollution exposure on obesity in mice: role of p47phox.","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610040750500_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.5.2012039","article-title":"Are diabetics more susceptible to the health effects of airborne particles?","volume":"164","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080610040750500_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200209000-00016","article-title":"Cardiovascular damage by airborne particles: are diabetics more susceptible?","volume":"13","author":"Zanobetti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080610040750500_micit34","first-page":"195","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular events: current controversies and recommendations.","volume":"54","author":"Zarich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Minerva Cardioangiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080610040750500_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1994.00893.x","article-title":"Naturally occurring human glutathione S-transferase GSTP1-1 isoforms with isoleucine and valine in position 104 differ in enzymic properties.","volume":"224","author":"Zimniak","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/10\/1378\/66444285\/ehp.1104406.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/120\/10\/1378\/66444285\/ehp.1104406.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:43:39Z","timestamp":1786628619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1104406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104406","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,25]]}}}