{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:59:17Z","timestamp":1792292357635,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2037,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Groundwater supplies for drinking water are frequently contaminated with low levels of human enteric virus genomes, yet evidence for waterborne disease transmission is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We related quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)\u2013measured enteric viruses in the tap water of 14 Wisconsin communities supplied by nondisinfected groundwater to acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) incidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: AGI incidence was estimated from health diaries completed weekly by households within each study community during four 12-week periods. Water samples were collected monthly from five to eight households per community. Viruses were measured by qPCR, and infectivity assessed by cell culture. AGI incidence was related to virus measures using Poisson regression with random effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Communities and time periods with the highest virus measures had correspondingly high AGI incidence. This association was particularly strong for norovirus genogroup I (NoV-GI) and between adult AGI and enteroviruses when echovirus serotypes predominated. At mean concentrations of 1 and 0.8 genomic copies\/L of NoV-GI and enteroviruses, respectively, the AGI incidence rate ratios (i.e., relative risk) increased by 30%. Adenoviruses were common, but tap-water concentrations were low and not positively associated with AGI. The estimated fraction of AGI attributable to tap-water\u2013borne viruses was between 6% and 22%, depending on the virus exposure\u2013AGI incidence model selected, and could have been as high as 63% among children &amp;lt; 5 years of age during the period when NoV-GI was abundant in drinking water.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: The majority of groundwater-source public water systems in the United States produce water without disinfection, and our findings suggest that populations served by such systems may be exposed to waterborne viruses and consequent health risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T11:59:49Z","timestamp":1338551989000},"page":"1272-1279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Viruses in Nondisinfected Drinking Water from Municipal Wells and Community Incidence of Acute Gastrointestinal Illness"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Borchardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan K.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Burney A.","family":"Kieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Lambertini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank J.","family":"Loge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080510022412300_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10458.x","article-title":"Occurrence of viruses in U.S. groundwaters.","volume":"95","author":"Abbaszadegan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Water Works Assoc"},{"key":"2026080510022412300_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1021\/es071110+","article-title":"Human enteric viruses in groundwater from a confined bedrock aquifer.","volume":"41","author":"Borchardt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080510022412300_micit3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks associated with drinking water\u2014United States, 2007\u20132008.","volume":"60","author":"Brunkard","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"2026080510022412300_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2006.018","article-title":"A review of household drinking water intervention trials and an approach to the estimation of endemic waterborne gastroenteritis in the United States.","volume":"4(suppl. 2)","author":"Colford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"2026080510022412300_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1962.03620230020005","article-title":"ECHO 19 virus infections. 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