{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:18:36Z","timestamp":1791299916267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1892,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Hierarchical Bayesian methods have been used in previous papers to estimate national mean effects of air pollutants on daily deaths in time-series analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We obtained maximum likelihood estimates of the common national effects of the criteria pollutants on mortality based on time-series data from \u2264 108 metropolitan areas in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used a subsampling bootstrap procedure to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates and confidence bounds for common national effects of the criteria pollutants, as measured by the percentage increase in daily mortality associated with a unit increase in daily 24-hr mean pollutant concentration on the previous day, while controlling for weather and temporal trends. We considered five pollutants [PM10, ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)] in single- and multipollutant analyses. Flexible ambient concentration\u2013response models for the pollutant effects were considered as well. We performed limited sensitivity analyses with different degrees of freedom for time trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: In single-pollutant models, we observed significant associations of daily deaths with all pollutants. The O3 coefficient was highly sensitive to the degree of smoothing of time trends. Among the gases, SO2 and NO2 were most strongly associated with mortality. The flexible ambient concentration\u2013response curve for O3 showed evidence of nonlinearity and a threshold at about 30 ppb.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Differences between the results of our analyses and those reported from using the Bayesian approach suggest that estimates of the quantitative impact of pollutants depend on the choice of statistical approach, although results are not directly comparable because they are based on different data. In addition, the estimate of the O3-mortality coefficient depends on the amount of smoothing of time trends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,20]],"date-time":"2012-11-20T10:12:49Z","timestamp":1353406369000},"page":"73-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Time-Series Analyses of Air Pollution and Mortality in the United States: A Subsampling Approach"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Suresh H.","family":"Moolgavkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA"},{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger O.","family":"McClellan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Human Health Risk Analysis, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Dewanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Turim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Georg","family":"Luebeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exponent Inc., Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm396","article-title":"Effect modification by community characteristics on the short-term effects of ozone exposure and mortality in 98 U.S. communities.","volume":"167","author":"Bell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000165817.40152.85","article-title":"A meta-analysis of time-series of ozone and mortality with comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study.","volume":"16","author":"Bell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2372","article-title":"Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987\u20132000.","volume":"292","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8816","article-title":"The exposure\u2013response curve for ozone and the risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations.","volume":"114","author":"Bell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-095X(200011\/12)11:6<745::AID-ENV431>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Model uncertainty and health effect studies for particulate matter.","volume":"11","author":"Clyde","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit6","unstructured":"Dominici F, McDermott A, Daniels M, Zeger SL, Samet JM\n          . 2003. Mortality among residents of 90 cities. In: Revised Analyses of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health. Health Effects Institute Special Report. 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Air pollution and daily deaths and hospital admissions in Los Angeles and Cook counties. In: Revised Analyses of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health. Health Effects Institute Special Report. Boston, MA:Health Effects Institute; 183\u2013198.Available: http:\/\/pubs.healtheffects.org\/getfile.php?u=21 [accessed 10 December 2012]."},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit14","article-title":"Subsampling","author":"Politis DN, Romano JP, Wolf M","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200012143432401","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in 20 US cities, 1987\u20131994.","volume":"343","author":"Samet","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit16","author":"Samet JM, Dominici F, Zeger SL, Schwartz J, Dockery DW","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080505021362000_micit17","article-title":"The National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study, Part II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States, Part II: Research Report 94","author":"Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici F, Curriero F, Coursac I, Dockery DW","year":"2000"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026080505021362000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370903161612","article-title":"Reassessing the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. urban communities.","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/121\/1\/73\/66401941\/ehp.1104507.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/121\/1\/73\/66401941\/ehp.1104507.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:43:44Z","timestamp":1786628624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.1104507"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.1104507","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,24]]}}}