{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:16:00Z","timestamp":1790709360316,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2061,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics in swine feed could cause accelerated emergence of antibiotic resistance genes, and agricultural application of swine waste could spread antibiotic resistance genes to the surrounding environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: We investigated the distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes from swine feedlots and their surrounding environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: We used a culture-independent method to identify PMQR genes and estimate their levels in wastewater from seven swine feedlot operations and corresponding wastewater-irrigated farm fields. Concentrations of (fluoro)quinolones in wastewater and soil samples were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: The predominant PMQR genes in both the wastewater and soil samples were qnrD, qepA, and oqxB, whereas qnrS and oqxA were present only in wastewater samples. Absolute concentrations of all PMQR genes combined ranged from 1.66 \u00d7 107 to 4.06 \u00d7 108 copies\/mL in wastewater and 4.06 \u00d7 106 to 9.52 \u00d7 107 copies\/g in soil. Concentrations of (fluoro)quinolones ranged from 4.57 to 321 ng\/mL in wastewater and below detection limit to 23.4 ng\/g in soil. Significant correlations were found between the relative abundance of PMQR genes and (fluoro)quinolone concentrations (r = 0.71, p = 0.005) and the relative abundance of PMQR genes in paired wastewater and agricultural soil samples (r = 0.91, p = 0.005).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Swine feedlot wastewater may be a source of PMQR genes that could facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the occurrence of PMQR genes in animal husbandry environments using a culture-independent method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,8]],"date-time":"2012-05-08T13:25:53Z","timestamp":1336483553000},"page":"1144-1149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes and Antibiotic Residues in Wastewater and Soil Adjacent to Swine Feedlots: Potential Transfer to Agricultural Lands"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"120","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development and Evaluation of Chemical and Herbal Drugs for Animal Use, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Health Key Laboratory, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thanh","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Eco-Environment Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Food Poison Diagnostic and Traceability, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"},{"name":"College of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development and Evaluation of Chemical and Herbal Drugs for Animal Use, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaochen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health Key Laboratory, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongning","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development and Evaluation of Chemical and Herbal Drugs for Animal Use, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Ministry of Health Key Laboratory, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 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