{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T18:13:32Z","timestamp":1788545612526,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3551,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of the bulbar conjunctiva and underlying subconjunctival tissue that may cause blindness. The mechanism of pterygium formation is not yet fully understood, but pterygium has some tumorlike features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between arsenic exposure through drinking water and the occurrence of pterygium in southwestern Taiwan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recruited participants &amp;gt; 40 years of age from three villages in the arseniasis-endemic area in southwestern Taiwan (exposure villages) and four neighboring nonendemic villages (comparison villages). Each participant received an eye examination and a questionnaire interview. Photographs taken of both eyes were later graded by an ophthalmologist to determine pterygium status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 223 participants from the exposure villages and 160 from the comparison villages. The prevalence of pterygium was higher in the exposure villages across all age groups in both sexes and increased with cumulative arsenic exposure. We found a significant association between cumulative arsenic exposure and the prevalence of pterygium. After adjusting for age, sex, working under sunlight, and working in sandy environments, we found that cumulative arsenic exposure of 0.1\u201315.0 mg\/L-year and \u2265 15.1 mg\/L-year were associated with increased risks of developing pterygium. The adjusted odds ratios were 2.04 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04\u20133.99] and 2.88 (95% CI, 1.42\u20135.83), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water was related to the occurrence of pterygium, and the association was still observed after adjusting for exposures to sunlight and sandy environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,7]],"date-time":"2008-04-07T10:50:40Z","timestamp":1207565440000},"page":"952-955","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Associations between Arsenic in Drinking Water and Pterygium in Southwestern Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, College of Public Health, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horng-Jiun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuang-Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Pingtung Hospital, Department of Health, Pingtung, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Jen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"How-Ran","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0420.2003.0213.x","article-title":"Risk factors for pterygium in an adult Jordanian population","volume":"82","author":"Al-Bdour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.5.419","article-title":"Invited commentary: arsenic and cancer of the urinary tract","volume":"153","author":"Cantor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.16.4.504","article-title":"Dose-response relationship between ischemic heart disease mortality and long-term arsenic exposure","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit4","first-page":"5895","article-title":"Malignant neoplasms among residents of a blackfoot disease-endemic area in Taiwan: high-arsenic artesian well water and cancers","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.1.53","article-title":"Increased prevalence of hypertension and long-term arsenic exposure","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026080313174264600_micit6","first-page":"452","article-title":"Atherogenicity and carcinogenicity of high-arsenic artesian well water. 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