{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:29:18Z","timestamp":1791919758883,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3543,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The periods of fetal and child development arguably represent the stages of greatest vulnerability to the dual impacts of fossil fuel combustion: the multiple toxic effects of emitted pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particles, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, metals) and the broad health impacts of global climate change attributable in large part to carbon dioxide released by fossil fuel burning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this commentary I highlight current scientific evidence indicating that the fetus and young child are at heightened risk of developmental impairment, asthma, and cancer from fossil fuel pollutants and from the predicted effects of climate disruption such as heat waves, flooding, infectious disease, malnutrition, and trauma. Increased risk during early development derives from the inherently greater biologic vulnerability of the developing fetus and child and from their long future lifetime, during which early insults can potentially manifest as adult as well as childhood disease. I cite recent reports concluding that reducing dependence on fossil fuel and promoting clean and sustainable energy is economically feasible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although much has been written separately about the toxicity of fossil fuel burning emissions and the effects of climate change on health, these two faces of the problem have not been viewed together with a focus on the developing fetus and child. Adolescence and old age are also periods of vulnerability, but the potential for both immediate and long-term adverse effects is greatest when exposure occurs prenatally or in the early years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consideration of the full spectrum of health risks to children from fossil fuel combustion underscores the urgent need for environmental and energy policies to reduce fossil fuel dependence and maximize the health benefits to this susceptible population. We do not have to leave our children a double legacy of ill health and ecologic disaster.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,16]],"date-time":"2008-04-16T14:41:02Z","timestamp":1208356862000},"page":"987-990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Children Are Likely to Suffer Most from Our Fossil Fuel Addiction"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Frederica P.","family":"Perera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia Center for Children\u2019s Environmental Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910350105","article-title":"A prospective study of the association of herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus infection with cervical neoplasia in women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero","volume":"35","author":"Adam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-2645","article-title":"Global Climate Change and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"120","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Environmental Health","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.158","article-title":"Climatic heat stress and the exercising child and adolescent","volume":"106","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit4","volume-title":"Cancer Facts and Figures 2007","author":"American Cancer Society","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit5","volume-title":"State of the Air 2007","author":"American Lung Association","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit6","first-page":"567","article-title":"Heat-related deaths: four states, July\u2013August 2001, and United States, 1979\u20131999","volume":"51","author":"Anonymous","year":"2002","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1108190","article-title":"Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility","volume":"308","author":"Anway","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2307\/1602354","article-title":"Environmental health hazards: how children are different from adults","volume":"5","author":"Bearer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(03)00050-6","article-title":"International patterns of the prevalence of pediatric asthma: the ISAAC program","volume":"50","author":"Beasley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Peadiatr Clin North Am"},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2026080313174149800_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.109-1240667","article-title":"The potential impacts of climate variability and change on air pollution-related health effects in the United States","volume":"109","author":"Bernard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1202","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2606","article-title":"Emotional, developmental, and behavioral health of American children and their families: a report from the 2003 National Survey of Children\u2019s Health Emotional, Developmental, and Behavioral Health of American Children","volume":"117","author":"Blanchard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93017-H","article-title":"Air pollution and infant mortality in the Czech Republic, 1986\u201388","volume":"340","author":"Bobak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0566","article-title":"Chromosomal aberrations in cord blood are associated with prenatal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","volume":"14","author":"Bocskay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarker Prev"},{"key":"2026080313174149800_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-4608(94)00131-T","article-title":"Are chromosome aberrations in circulating lymphocytes predictive of future cancer onset in humans? 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