{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:07:53Z","timestamp":1790852873508,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3560,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The growing applications of nanotechnologic products, such as quantum dots (QDs), increase the likelihood of exposure. Furthermore, their accumulation in the bioenvironment and retention in cells and tissues are arousing increasing worries about the potentially harmful side effects of these nanotechnologic products. Previous studies concerning QD cytotoxicity focused on the reactive oxygen species produced by QDs. Cellular calcium homeostasis dysregulation caused by QDs may be also responsible for QD cytotoxicity. Meanwhile the interference of QDs with voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) current (INa) may lead to changes in electrical activity and worsen neurotoxicologic damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the potential for neurotoxicity of cadmium selenium QDs in a hippocampal neuronal culture model, focusing on cytoplasmic calcium levels and VGSCs function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used confocal laser scanning and standard whole-cell patch clamp techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that a) QDs induced neuron death dose dependently; b) cytoplasmic calcium levels were elevated for an extended period by QD treatment, which was due to both extracellular calcium influx and internal calcium release from endoplasmic reticulum; and c) QD treatment enhanced activation and inactivation of INa, prolonged the time course of activation, slowed INa recovery, and reduced the fraction of available VGSCs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results in this study provide new insights into QD toxicology and reveal potential risks of their future applications in biology and medicine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]],"date-time":"2008-03-31T12:29:18Z","timestamp":1206966558000},"page":"915-922","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Unmodified CdSe Quantum Dots Induce Elevation of Cytoplasmic Calcium Levels and Impairment of Functional Properties of Sodium Channels in Rat Primary Cultured Hippocampal Neurons"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Mingliang","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tairan","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structure Research Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuting","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongmin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jutao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di-Yun","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"20","key":"2026080313173499000_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12617","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152463399","article-title":"Nanocrystal targeting in vivo","volume":"99","author":"Akerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313173499000_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1981.61.3.644","article-title":"Sodium channels and gating currents","volume":"61","author":"Armstrong","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"24","key":"2026080313173499000_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10464","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998","article-title":"Synaptic modifications in cultured hippocampal neurons: dependence on spike timing, synaptic strength, and postsynaptic cell type","volume":"18","author":"Bi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"5385","key":"2026080313173499000_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5385.2013","article-title":"Semiconductor nanocrystals as fluorescent biological labels","volume":"281","author":"Bruchez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1975.sp010810","article-title":"Modification of sodium channel gating in frog myelinated nerve fibres by Centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom","volume":"244","author":"Cahalan","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.55.070186.004513","article-title":"Molecular properties of voltage-sensitive sodium channels","volume":"55","author":"Catterall","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313173499000_micit7","first-page":"919","article-title":"Voltage sensor-trapping: enhanced activation of sodium channels by beta-scorpion toxin bound to the S3-S4 loop in domain II","volume":"21","author":"Cestele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80680-7","article-title":"Voltage sensors in domains III and IV, but not I and II, are immobilized by Na+ channel fast inactivation","volume":"22","author":"Cha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313173499000_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2006.09.007","article-title":"CdSe quantum dots induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells via mitochondrial-dependent pathways and inhibition of survival signals","volume":"167","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080313173499000_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2004.05.019","article-title":"Design and validation of a bifunctional ligand display system for receptor targeting","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313173499000_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.1021\/la060093j","article-title":"Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0274-2","article-title":"Quantum dot-induced epigenetic and genotoxic changes in human breast cancer cells","volume":"86","author":"Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-5-1","article-title":"Quantum dot-induced cell death involves Fas upregulation and lipid peroxidation in human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"5","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080313173499000_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1631","article-title":"Photophysics of dopamine-modified quantum dots and effects on biological systems","volume":"5","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.491","article-title":"Protein kinase C activation decreases activity-dependent attenuation of dendritic Na+ current in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons","volume":"79","author":"Colbert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5644","key":"2026080313173499000_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088525","article-title":"Diffusion dynamics of glycine receptors revealed by single-quantum dot tracking","volume":"302","author":"Dahan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00276-9","article-title":"Activation of MYD116 (gadd34) expression following transient forebrain ischemia of rat: implications for a role of disturbances of endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis","volume":"63","author":"Doutheil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"5599","key":"2026080313173499000_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077194","article-title":"In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles","volume":"298","author":"Dubertret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313173499000_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2006.07.001","article-title":"Optical and pharmacological tools to investigate the role of mitochondria during oxidative stress and neurodegeneration","volume":"79","author":"Foster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07837.x","article-title":"Calcium overload triggers rod photoreceptor apoptotic cell death in chemical-induced and inherited retinal degenerations","volume":"893","author":"Fox","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026080313173499000_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt994","article-title":"In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots","volume":"22","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8284","article-title":"A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors","volume":"114","author":"Hardman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313173499000_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764","article-title":"A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve","volume":"117","author":"Hodgkin","year":"1952","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-3155-2-12","article-title":"Nanoparticles\u2014known and unknown health risks","volume":"2","author":"Hoet","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.11.185","article-title":"Applications of T-lymphoma labeled with fluorescent quantum dots to cell tracing markers in mouse body","volume":"314","author":"Hoshino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit26","volume-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals","author":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources","year":"1996"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080313173499000_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.12.3896","article-title":"Centruroides toxin, a selective blocker of surface Na+ channels in skeletal muscle: voltage-clamp analysis and biochemical characterization of the receptor","volume":"79","author":"Jaimovich","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt767","article-title":"Long-term multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bio-conjugates","volume":"21","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313173499000_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290194","article-title":"Mortalin imaging in normal and cancer cells with quantum dot immuno-conjugates","volume":"13","author":"Kaul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1021\/nl047996m","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of colloidal CdSe and CdSe\/ZnS nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Kirchner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1162\/153535003765276282","article-title":"Selection of quantum dot wavelengths for biomedical assays and imaging","volume":"2","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080313173499000_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2005.09.008","article-title":"Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death","volume":"12","author":"Lovric","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.12.133","article-title":"In vitro sliding of actin filaments labelled with single quantum dots","volume":"314","author":"Mansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313173499000_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.59.6.775","article-title":"The role of calcium in the regulation of apoptosis","volume":"59","author":"McConkey","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313173499000_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1390","article-title":"Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing","volume":"4","author":"Medintz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"issue":"5709","key":"2026080313173499000_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104274","article-title":"Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics","volume":"307","author":"Michalet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313173499000_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2004.04.023","article-title":"Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots","volume":"12","author":"Morgan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91323-9","article-title":"Serotonin suppresses N-methyl-d-aspartate responses in acutely isolated spinal dorsal horn neurons of the rat","volume":"525","author":"Murase","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313173499000_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4160(94)90091-4","article-title":"Nuclear calcium transport and the role of calcium in apoptosis","volume":"16","author":"Nicotera","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"2026080313173499000_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-2-8","article-title":"Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nano-materials: elements of a screening strategy","volume":"2","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026080313173499000_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3144","DOI":"10.1039\/b503234b","article-title":"Rapid and effective labeling of brain tissue using TAT-conjugated CdS:Mn\/ZnS quantum dots","author":"Santra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem Commun (Camb)"},{"issue":"6226","key":"2026080313173499000_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/339597a0","article-title":"Structural parts involved in activation and inactivation of the sodium channel","volume":"339","author":"Stuhmer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313173499000_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2003.09.031","article-title":"Biocompatible fluorescent nano-crystals for immunolabeling of membrane proteins and cells","volume":"324","author":"Sukhanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.3.2.205","article-title":"Multi-functional polymeric nanoparticles for tumour-targeted drug delivery","volume":"3","author":"van Vlerken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)14285-5","article-title":"Purification and physiological characterization of neurotoxins from venoms of the scorpions centruroides sculpturatus and leiurus quinquestriatus","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313173499000_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2006.01.015","article-title":"Fine tuning photoluminescence properties of CdSe nano-particles by surface states modulation","volume":"298","author":"Zeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313173499000_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0603350","article-title":"Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett"},{"issue":"19","key":"2026080313173499000_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1021\/ja061137d","article-title":"Single quantum dot-micelles coated with silica shell as potentially non-cytotoxic fluorescent cell tracers","volume":"128","author":"Zhelev","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/7\/915\/66371494\/ehp.11225.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/116\/7\/915\/66371494\/ehp.11225.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1786628776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.11225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.11225","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,31]]}}}