{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:51:37Z","timestamp":1791381097192,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3460,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the deleterious effects of air pollution from fossil fuel combustion have been demonstrated in many Western nations, fewer studies have been conducted in Asia. The Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA) project assessed the effects of short-term exposure to air pollution on daily mortality in Bangkok, Thailand, and in three cities in China: Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Wuhan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Poisson regression models incorporating natural spline smoothing functions were used to adjust for seasonality and other time-varying covariates that might confound the association between air pollution and mortality. Effect estimates were determined for each city and then for the cities combined using a random effects method.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In individual cities, associations were detected between most of the pollutants [nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter \u2264 10 \u03bcm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), and ozone] and most health outcomes under study (i.e., all natural-cause, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality). The city-combined effects of the four pollutants tended to be equal or greater than those identified in studies conducted in Western industrial nations. In addition, residents of Asian cities are likely to have higher exposures to air pollution than those in Western industrial nations because they spend more time outdoors and less time in air conditioning.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the social and environmental conditions may be quite different, it is reasonable to apply estimates derived from previous health effect of air pollution studies in the West to Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,20]],"date-time":"2008-06-20T13:11:23Z","timestamp":1213967483000},"page":"1195-1202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":397,"title":["Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): A Multicity Study of Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Chit-Ming","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuntavarn","family":"Vichit-Vadakan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengmin","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA"},{"name":"Geisinger Center for Health Research, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit1","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Time-series Studies and Panel Studies of Particulate Matter (PM) and Ozone (O3)","volume-title":"Report of a WHO Task Group","author":"Anderson","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.03.008","article-title":"Exposure-response functions for health effects of ambient air pollution applicable for China\u2014a meta-analysis","volume":"329","author":"Aunan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2372","article-title":"Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987\u20132000","volume":"292","author":"Bell","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3200\/AEOH.59.5.228-236","article-title":"Associations between short-term changes in nitrogen dioxide and mortality in Canadian cities","volume":"59","author":"Burnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Environ Health"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.02.005","article-title":"Exposures and health outcomes from outdoor air pollutants in China","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.5.397","article-title":"Estimating particulate matter-mortality dose-response curves and threshold levels: an analysis of daily time-series for the 20 largest US cities","volume":"152","author":"Daniels","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.9.817","article-title":"Association between daily cause-specific mortality and concentrations of ground-level ozone in Montreal, Quebec","volume":"154","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit8","article-title":"Health Effects of Outdoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries of Asia: A Literature Review","volume-title":"Health Effects Institute Special Report 15","author":"HEI","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026080503041697200_micit9","unstructured":"HEI (Health Effects Institute)\n          . 2008. 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