{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:47:24Z","timestamp":1791398844767,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3479,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of cardiac autonomic tone, has been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Short-term studies have shown that subjects exposed to higher traffic-associated air pollutant levels have lower HRV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objective was to investigate the effect of long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide on HRV in the Swiss cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults (SAPALDIA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We recorded 24-hr electrocardiograms in randomly selected SAPALDIA participants \u2265 50 years of age. Other examinations included an interview investigating health status and measurements of blood pressure, body height, and weight. Annual exposure to NO2 at the address of residence was predicted by hybrid models (i.e., a combination of dispersion predictions, land-use, and meteorologic parameters). We estimated the association between NO2 and HRV in multivariable linear regression models. Complete data for analyses were available for 1,408 subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For women, but not for men, each 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increment in 1-year averaged NO2 level was associated with a decrement of 3% (95% CI, \u22124 to \u22121) for the standard deviation of all normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), \u22126% (95% CI, \u221211 to \u22121) for nighttime low frequency (LF), and \u22125% (95% CI, \u22129 to 0) for nighttime LF\/high-frequency (HF) ratio. We saw no significant effect for 24-hr total power (TP), HF, LF, or LF\/HF or for nighttime SDNN, TP, or HF. In subjects with self-reported cardiovascular problems, SDNN decreased by 4% (95% CI, \u22128 to \u22121) per 10-\u03bcg\/m3 increase in NO2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is some evidence that long-term exposure to NO2 is associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in elderly women and in subjects with cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,19]],"date-time":"2008-06-19T15:31:08Z","timestamp":1213889468000},"page":"1357-1361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Differences in Heart Rate Variability Associated with Long-Term Exposure to NO2"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Denise Felber","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Gemperli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"Gaspoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Primary Care, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schindler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.-J. Sally","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane R.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Rochat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Barth\u00e9l\u00e9my","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Physiologie Clinique et de l\u2019Exercice, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Pulmonology, Ospedale Regionale, Lugano, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Physiologie Clinique et de l\u2019Exercice, Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Probst Hensch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Epidemiology\/Cancer Registry, University of Z\u00fcrich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Olivier","family":"Bridevaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret W.","family":"Gerbase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urs","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProClim, Swiss Academy of Sciences, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula","family":"Ackermann-Liebrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the SAPALDIA 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