{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T11:03:52Z","timestamp":1791111832530,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3395,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review we describe the approach taken by the National Children\u2019s Study (NCS), a 21-year prospective study of 100,000 American children, to understanding the role of environmental factors in the development of obesity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data sources and extraction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We review the literature with regard to the two core hypotheses in the NCS that relate to environmental origins of obesity and describe strategies that will be used to test each hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data synthesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although it is clear that obesity in an individual results from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, control of the obesity epidemic will require understanding of factors in the modern built environment and chemical exposures that may have the capacity to disrupt the link between energy intake and expenditure. The NCS is the largest prospective birth cohort study ever undertaken in the United States that is explicitly designed to seek information on the environmental causes of pediatric disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Through its embrace of the life-course approach to epidemiology, the NCS will be able to study the origins of obesity from preconception through late adolescence, including factors ranging from genetic inheritance to individual behaviors to the social, built, and natural environment and chemical exposures. It will have sufficient statistical power to examine interactions among these multiple influences, including gene\u2013environment and gene\u2013obesity interactions. A major secondary benefit will derive from the banking of specimens for future analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,11]],"date-time":"2008-09-11T14:03:29Z","timestamp":1221141809000},"page":"159-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Environment and Obesity in the National Children\u2019s Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Trasande","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Preventive Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Cronk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Wisconsin and Children\u2019s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Durkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dale A.","family":"Schoeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Gall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne B.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Carrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Landrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Preventive Medicine"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Gillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obesity Prevention Program, Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8002","article-title":"Low doses of bisphenol A and diethylstilbestrol impair Ca2+ signals in pancreatic a-cells through a nonclassical membrane estrogen receptor within intact islets of Langerhans","volume":"113","author":"Alonso-Magdalena","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Improving individual and community health through health promotion strategies: local case study\u2014Joseph Thompson and the Body Mass Index Assessment Project in Arkansas","volume-title":"Moments in Leadership: Case Studies in Public Health Policy and Practice","author":"Anonymous","year":"2007"},{"issue":"8489","key":"2026080313185226900_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91340-1","article-title":"Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.824541","article-title":"Effects of phthalate esters on lipid metabolism in various tissues, cells and organelles in mammals","volume":"45","author":"Bell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.2.285","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Ben-Shlomo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.802200","article-title":"Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding","volume":"27","author":"Bergmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.4.e56","article-title":"Activity, dietary intake, and weight changes in a longitudinal study of preadolescent and adolescent boys and girls","volume":"105","author":"Berkey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit8","first-page":"9","article-title":"The fragile fetus","volume-title":"Chemically-Induced Alteration in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife\/Human Connection","author":"Bern","year":"1992"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1191","article-title":"Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes","volume":"76","author":"Bhathena","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026080313185226900_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa073166","article-title":"Adolescent overweight and future adult coronary heart disease","volume":"357","author":"Bibbins-Domingo","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn096","article-title":"Body mass index in adolescence in relation to cause-specific mortality: a follow-up of 230,000 Norwegian adolescents","volume":"168","author":"Bj\u00f8rge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00314.x","article-title":"Mild gestational hyperglycemia, the metabolic syndrome and adverse neonatal outcomes","volume":"83","author":"Bo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.111-1241458","article-title":"The National Children\u2019s Study of environmental effects on child health and development","volume":"111","author":"Branum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103608","article-title":"Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans","volume":"103","author":"Brotons","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit15","volume-title":"Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2005"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080313185226900_micit16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.9.1478","article-title":"Walking, bicycling, and urban landscapes: evidence from the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"93","author":"Cervero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1108S","article-title":"Assessments of food-frequency questionnaires in minority populations","volume":"65","author":"Coates","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080313185226900_micit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.12.2208","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships","volume":"49","author":"Dabelea","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.2.441","article-title":"Fifty-year trends in serial body mass index during adolescence in girls: the Fels Longitudinal Study","volume":"80","author":"Demerath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EDE.0000059950.11836.16","article-title":"Phthalate exposure and human semen parameters","volume":"14","author":"Duty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200102000-00017","article-title":"Physical activity assessed by activity monitor and doubly labeled water in children","volume":"33","author":"Ekelund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"7517","key":"2026080313185226900_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38575.664549.F7","article-title":"Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey","volume":"331","author":"Ellaway","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(96)00021-4","article-title":"2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) modulates function of human luteinizing granulosa cells via cAMP signaling and early reduction of glucose transporting activity","volume":"10","author":"Enan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.08.020","article-title":"Relationship between urban sprawl and weight of United States youth","volume":"31","author":"Ewing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-18.1.47","article-title":"Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity","volume":"18","author":"Ewing","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00025","article-title":"Environmental anti-androgens and male reproductive health: focus on phthalates and testicular dysgenesis syndrome","volume":"127","author":"Fisher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.04.011","article-title":"Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars","volume":"27","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0220","article-title":"The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study","volume":"115","author":"Freedman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.39","article-title":"Racial and ethnic differences in secular trends for childhood BMI, weight, and height","volume":"14","author":"Freedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit30","volume-title":"Urban Sprawl and Public Health: Designing, Planning, and Building for Healthy Communities","author":"Frumkin","year":"2004"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007001097","article-title":"Race and food store availability in an inner-city neighbourhood","volume":"11","author":"Galvez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198578154.003.0008","article-title":"A life course approach to overweight and obesity","volume-title":"A Life Course Approach to Chronic Diseases Epidemiology","author":"Gillman","year":"2004"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080313185226900_micit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.044","article-title":"Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: extending horizons, envisioning the future","volume":"62","author":"Glass","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0058","article-title":"Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity","volume":"117","author":"Gordon-Larsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170290022003","article-title":"Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986\u20131990","volume":"150","author":"Gortmaker","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.3.653","article-title":"Predicting overweight and obesity in adulthood from body mass index values in childhood and adolescence","volume":"76","author":"Guo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.3.287","article-title":"Body-composition measurement in 9-11-y-old children by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, skinfold-thickness measurements, and bioimpedance analysis","volume":"63","author":"Gutin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-944422","article-title":"The environment and male fertility: recent research on emerging chemicals and semen quality","volume":"24","author":"Hauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000235996.89953.d7","article-title":"Altered semen quality in relation to urinary concentrations of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites","volume":"17","author":"Hauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.053447","article-title":"Life-course socioeconomic position and obesity in African American women: The Pitt County Study","volume":"96","author":"James","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2002.1113","article-title":"Fatness, physical activity, and television viewing in children during the adiposity rebound period: The Iowa Bone Development Study","volume":"35","author":"Janz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70228-8","article-title":"Reliability of bioimpedance analysis compared with other adiposity measurements in children: The FLVS II Study","volume":"31","author":"Kettaneh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080313185226900_micit43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.126","article-title":"Trends in overweight from 1980 through 2001 among preschool-aged children enrolled in a health maintenance organization","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.10.021","article-title":"Food and park environments: neighborhood-level risks for childhood obesity in East Los Angeles","volume":"40","author":"Kipke","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1999.0542","article-title":"Assessment of physical activity among children and adolescents: a review and synthesis","volume":"31","author":"Kohl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803143","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of two different approaches to estimating age at adiposity rebound","volume":"30","author":"Kroke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080313185226900_micit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.77.5.376","article-title":"Child to adult body mass index in the 1958 British birth cohort: associations with parental obesity","volume":"77","author":"Lake","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.5799","article-title":"Assessing the effects of endocrine disruptors in the National Children\u2019s Study","volume":"111","author":"Landrigan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7571","article-title":"Early environmental origins of neurode-generative disease in later life","volume":"113","author":"Landrigan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.32148","article-title":"Genetics, altruism, and the National Children\u2019s Study","volume":"146","author":"Landrigan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080313185226900_micit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0360","article-title":"The National Children\u2019s Study: a 21-year prospective study of 100,000 American children","volume":"118","author":"Landrigan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit52","first-page":"432","article-title":"Obesity in childhood: the Muscatine Study","volume":"38","author":"Lauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080313185226900_micit53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0769","article-title":"Trends in hospitalizations for diabetes among children and young adults: United States, 1993\u20132004","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026080313185226900_micit54","first-page":"558","article-title":"Multilevel modelling of built environment characteristics related to neighbourhood walking activity in older adults","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.9.7760","article-title":"Body mass index as a measure of adiposity in children and adolescents: relationship to adiposity by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"86","author":"Lindsay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00191.x","article-title":"Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight","volume":"6","author":"Lobstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.9.1574","article-title":"Urban sprawl and risk for being overweight or obese","volume":"94","author":"Lopez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080313185226900_micit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.08.071","article-title":"Making the National Children\u2019s Study a real partnership with academic pediatrics","volume":"147","author":"Lyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144505","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology","volume":"26","author":"Lynch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8075","article-title":"Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age","volume":"114","author":"Main","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026080313185226900_micit61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)30108-5","article-title":"Bisphenol A in combination with insulin can accelerate the conversion of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts to adipocytes","volume":"43","author":"Masuno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1314.006","article-title":"Glucocorticoid programming","volume":"1032","author":"Meaney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit63","first-page":"1243","article-title":"The genetic and environmental sources of body mass index variability: the Muscatine Ponderosity Family Study","volume":"49","author":"Moll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.11.003","article-title":"Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"30","author":"Morland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2801","article-title":"Identifying risk for obesity in early childhood","volume":"118","author":"Nader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit66","volume-title":"Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children","author":"National Research Council","year":"1993"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit67","unstructured":"NCS\n          . 2008. National Children\u2019s Study Home PageAvailable: www.nationalchildrensstudy.gov[accessed 1 July 2008]."},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.03.026","article-title":"Built and social environments associations with adolescent overweight and activity","volume":"31","author":"Nelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.12.010","article-title":"Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors and the obesity epidemic","volume":"23","author":"Newbold","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803104","article-title":"A life-course approach in explaining social inequity in obesity among young adult men and women","volume":"30","author":"Novak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080313185226900_micit71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.13.1549","article-title":"Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999\u20132004","volume":"295","author":"Ogden","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"20","key":"2026080313185226900_micit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.20.2401","article-title":"High body mass index for age among US children and adolescents, 2003\u20132006","volume":"299","author":"Ogden","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803760","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Oken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.11.027","article-title":"Gestational weight gain and child adiposity at age 3 years","volume":"196","author":"Oken","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948010290040201","article-title":"The Danish National Birth Cohort\u2014its background, structure and aim","volume":"29","author":"Olsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr043743","article-title":"A possible decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century","volume":"352","author":"Olshansky","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040132","article-title":"Earlier mother\u2019s age at menarche predicts rapid infancy growth and childhood obesity","volume":"4","author":"Ong","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm009","article-title":"The built environment and obesity","volume":"29","author":"Papas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.339","article-title":"The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat","volume":"58","author":"Parks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"issue":"7325","key":"2026080313185226900_micit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7325.1331","article-title":"Fetal and early life growth and body mass index from birth to early adulthood in 1958 British cohort: longitudinal study","volume":"323","author":"Parsons","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70433-0","article-title":"Body mass index as a measure of adiposity among children and adolescents: a validation study","volume":"132","author":"Pietrobelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38470.670903.E0","article-title":"Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study","volume":"330","author":"Reilly","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.01109675","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to low doses of bisphenol A affects body weight, patterns of estrous cyclicity, and plasma LH levels","volume":"109","author":"Rubin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705520","article-title":"Bisphenol A affects glucose transport in mouse 3T3-F442A adipocytes","volume":"141","author":"Sakurai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit85","first-page":"34","article-title":"Phthalates and children\u2019s health","volume":"38","author":"Sathyanarayana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2000.52","article-title":"Lifetime overweight status in relation to serial changes in body composition and risk factors for cardiovascular disease: The Fels Longitudinal Study","volume":"8","author":"Siervogel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9882","article-title":"Concentrations of urinary phthalate metabolites are associated with increased waist circumference and insulin resistance in adult US males","volume":"115","author":"Stahlhut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313185226900_micit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.e85","article-title":"Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children","volume":"103","author":"Strauss","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026080313185226900_micit89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.22.2845","article-title":"Epidemic increase in childhood overweight, 1986\u20131998","volume":"286","author":"Strauss","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit90","unstructured":"Strauss\n              WLJ\n            , MenkedickJ, RyanL, PivetzT, McMillanN, PierceB; . 2004. White Paper on Evaluation of Sampling Design Options for the National Children\u2019s StudyAvailable: http:\/\/www.nationalchildrensstudy.gov\/research\/analytic_reports\/upload\/Executive-Summary-for-the-White-Paper-on-Evaluation-of-Sampling-Design-Options-for-the-National-Children-s-Study.pdf[accessed 1 May 2007]."},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit91","first-page":"CD001871","article-title":"Interventions for preventing obesity in children [Review]","volume":"3","author":"Summerbell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8100","article-title":"Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure","volume":"113","author":"Swan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026080313185226900_micit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.4.305","article-title":"Short sleep duration in infancy and risk of childhood overweight","volume":"162","author":"Taveras","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"4 suppl","key":"2026080313185226900_micit94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1173S","article-title":"Development of culturally competent food-frequency questionnaires","volume":"65","author":"Teufel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.09.039","article-title":"Childhood overweight and cardiovascular disease risk factors: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study","volume":"150","author":"Thompson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.08.047","article-title":"Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school","volume":"30","author":"Timperio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313185226900_micit97","first-page":"50","article-title":"The National Children\u2019s Study and the children of Wisconsin","volume":"105","author":"Trasande","year":"2006","journal-title":"WMJ"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A789","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.112-a789","article-title":"The National Children\u2019s Study: a critical national investment","volume":"112","author":"Trasande","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026080313185226900_micit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1995.02170230039005","article-title":"Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991","volume":"149","author":"Troiano","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit100","volume-title":"Chemical Hazard Data Availability Study: What Do We Really Know About the Safety of High Production Volume Chemicals?","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7713","article-title":"An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment","volume":"113","author":"Vom Saal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026080313185226900_micit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.1.e14","article-title":"Childhood weight, stature, and body mass index among never overweight, early-onset overweight, and late-onset overweight groups","volume":"106","author":"Wisemandle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313185226900_micit103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.03.006","article-title":"Environmental exposures and puberty in inner-city girls","volume":"107","author":"Wolff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2026080313185226900_micit104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11007","article-title":"Prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures and birth outcomes","volume":"116","author":"Wolff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026080313185226900_micit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(00)00306-0","article-title":"Development of a modified picture-sort food frequency questionnaire administered to low-income, overweight, African-American adolescent girls","volume":"100","author":"Yaroch","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Dietetic Assoc"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/117\/2\/159\/66371905\/ehp.11839.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/117\/2\/159\/66371905\/ehp.11839.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:52:27Z","timestamp":1786629147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.11839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.11839","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,12]]}}}