{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T14:43:00Z","timestamp":1786632180135,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3276,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ambient measurements of hazardous air pollutants (air toxics) have been used to validate model-predicted concentrations of air toxics but have not been used to perform risk screening at the national level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used ambient concentrations of routinely measured air toxics to determine the relative importance of individual air toxics for chronic cancer and noncancer exposures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compiled 3-year averages for ambient measurement of air toxics collected at monitoring locations in the United States from 2003 through 2005. We then used national distributions of risk-weighted concentrations to identify the air toxics of most concern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Concentrations of benzene, carbon tetrachloride, arsenic, 1,3-butadiene, and acetaldehyde were above the 10\u22126 cancer risk level at most sites nationally with a high degree of confidence. Concentrations of tetrachloroethylene, ethylene oxide, acrylonitrile, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene were also often greater than the 10\u22126 cancer risk level, but we have less confidence in the estimated risk associated with these pollutants. Formaldehyde and chromium VI concentrations were either above or below the 10\u22126 cancer risk level, depending on the choice of agency-recommended 10\u22126 level. The method detection limits of eight additional pollutants were too high to rule out that concentrations were above the 10\u22126 cancer risk level. Concentrations of 52 compounds compared with chronic noncancer benchmarks indicated that only acrolein concentrations were greater than the noncancer reference concentration at most monitoring sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most pollutants with national site-level averages greater than health benchmarks were also pollutants of concern identified in modeled national-scale risk assessments. Current monitoring networks need more sensitive ambient measurement techniques to better characterize the air toxics problem in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,8]],"date-time":"2009-01-08T14:49:07Z","timestamp":1231426147000},"page":"790-796","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Characterization of the Chronic Risk and Hazard of Hazardous Air Pollutants in the United States Using Ambient Monitoring Data"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Michael C.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa E.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica G.","family":"Charrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary R.","family":"Hafner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3732","DOI":"10.1021\/es071301c","article-title":"Evaluation of statistical treatments of left-censored environmental data using coincident uncensored data sets: I. Summary statistics","volume":"42","author":"Antweiler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379801400304","article-title":"Application of health information to hazardous air pollutants modeled in EPA\u2019s cumulative exposure project","volume":"14","author":"Caldwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit3","unstructured":"California Air Resources Board\n          . 2004. Consolidated Table of OEHHA\/ARB Approved Risk Assessment Health ValuesAvailable: http:\/\/www.arb.ca.gov\/toxics\/healthval\/healthval.htm[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"issue":"13","key":"2026080313195554100_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.1021\/es051828u","article-title":"Source proximity and outdoor-residential VOC concentrations: results from the RIOPA study","volume":"40","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3549(04)50020-1","article-title":"Evaluating the health significance of hazardous air pollutants using monitoring data","volume":"116","author":"Kyle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Reports"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9884","article-title":"Ranking cancer risks of organic hazardous air pollutants in the United States","volume":"115","author":"Loh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003739","article-title":"Spatial and monthly trends in speciated fine particle concentration in the United States","author":"Malm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Geophys Res Atmos"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.05.037","article-title":"Temporal variability of selected air toxics in the United States","volume":"41","author":"McCarthy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit9","volume-title":"Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process","author":"National Research Council","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6354","article-title":"Closing the research loop: a risk-based approach for communicating results of air pollution exposure studies","volume":"112","author":"Payne-Sturges","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.1999.10463919","article-title":"National estimates of outdoor air toxics concentrations","volume":"49","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit12","volume-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change","author":"Seinfeld","year":"1998"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit13","article-title":"Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin: MATES-II","volume-title":"Final Report (and Appendices)","author":"South Coast Air Quality Management District","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit14","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2000. Air Toxics Monitoring Concept Paper Revised Peer Review Draft Available: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/amtic\/files\/ambient\/airtox\/cncp-sab.pdf[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit15","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2002. Technology Transfer Network, 1996 National-Scale Air Toxics AssessmentAvailable: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/atw\/nata\/[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit16","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2006a. Technology Transfer Network, 1999 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment, 1999 Assessment Results Available: http:\/\/epa.gov\/ttn\/atw\/nata1999\/index.html[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit17","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2006b. Technology Transfer Network, Air Quality System, Selected AQS Code Descriptions Available: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/airs\/airsaqs\/manuals\/codedescs.htm[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit18","unstructured":"U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)\n          . 2007. Prioritized Chronic Dose-Response Values for Screening Risk Assessments Available: http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ttn\/atw\/toxsource\/table1.pdf[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit19","unstructured":"U.S. EPA\n          . 2008. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Available: http:\/\/cfpub.epa.gov\/ncea\/iris\/index.cfm[accessed 20 October 2008]."},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106245","article-title":"Public health implications of 1990 air toxics concentrations across the United States","volume":"106","author":"Woodruff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9467","article-title":"Estimating risk from ambient concentrations of acrolein across the United States","volume":"115","author":"Woodruff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026080313195554100_micit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/10473289.2001.10464341","article-title":"Analysis of air toxics emission inventory: inhalation toxicity-based ranking","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Air Waste Manag Assoc"}],"container-title":["Environmental Health Perspectives"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/117\/5\/790\/66372203\/ehp.11861.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-pdf\/117\/5\/790\/66372203\/ehp.11861.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T13:52:30Z","timestamp":1786629150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/evhpaz\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1289\/ehp.11861"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.11861","relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-6765","1552-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-6765","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-9924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,9]]}}}