{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:40:31Z","timestamp":1791765631389,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3381,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Arsenic methylation relies on folate-dependent one-carbon metabolism and facilitates urinary As elimination. Clinical manifestations of As toxicity vary considerably among individuals and populations, and poor methylation capacity is thought to confer greater susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After determining that folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, and low urinary creatinine are associated with reduced As methylation, and that As exposure is associated with increased genomic methylation of leukocyte DNA, we asked whether these factors are associated with As-induced skin lesion risk among Bangladeshi adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a nested case\u2013control study of 274 cases who developed lesions 2 years after recruitment, and 274 controls matched to cases for sex, age, and water As.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for development of skin lesions for participants who had low folate (&amp;lt; 9 nmol\/L), hyperhomocysteinemia (men, &amp;gt; 11.4 \u03bcmol\/L; women, &amp;gt; 10.4 \u03bcmol\/L), or hypomethylated leukocyte DNA at recruitment (&amp;lt; median) were 1.8 (95% CI, 1.1\u20132.9), 1.7 (95% CI, 1.1\u20132.6), and 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2\u20132.8), respectively. Compared with the subjects in the first quartile, those in the third and fourth quartiles for urinary creatinine had a 0.4-fold decrease in the odds of skin lesions (p &amp;lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that folate deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, and low urinary creatinine, each associated with decreased As methylation, are risk factors for As-induced skin lesions. The increased DNA methylation associated with As exposure previously observed, and confirmed among controls in this study, may be an adaptive change because hypomethylation of leukocyte DNA is associated with increased risk for skin lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,25]],"date-time":"2008-09-25T19:16:44Z","timestamp":1222370204000},"page":"254-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["Folate Deficiency, Hyperhomocysteinemia, Low Urinary Creatinine, and Hypomethylation of Leukocyte DNA Are Risk Factors for Arsenic-Induced Skin Lesions"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"J. Richard","family":"Pilsner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habibul","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Ilievski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Slavkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diane","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pam","family":"Factor-Litvak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph H.","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary V.","family":"Gamble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"316","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2026080313181968500_micit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0676","article-title":"Arsenic metabolism, genetic susceptibility, and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh","volume":"16","author":"Ahsan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026080313181968500_micit2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jea.7500449","article-title":"Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS): description of a multidisciplinary epidemiologic investigation","volume":"16","author":"Ahsan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080313181968500_micit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj154","article-title":"Arsenic exposure from drinking water and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh: baseline results from the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study","volume":"163","author":"Ahsan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026080313181968500_micit4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200012000-00016","article-title":"Associations between drinking water and urinary arsenic levels and skin lesions in Bangladesh","volume":"42","author":"Ahsan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026080313181968500_micit5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071456","article-title":"Arsenic threat reaching global dimensions","volume":"177","author":"Bagchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Canadian Med Assn J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313181968500_micit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1993.1750","article-title":"DNA methylation in folate deficiency: use of CpG methylase","volume":"193","author":"Balaghi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"2026080313181968500_micit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7337","article-title":"Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026080313181968500_micit8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.11.017","article-title":"Molecular events associated with arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells: aberrant genomic DNA methylation and K-ras oncogene activation","volume":"206","author":"Benbrahim-Tallaa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026080313181968500_micit9","unstructured":"Center for International Earth Science Information Network\n          . 2007. 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