{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:59:31Z","timestamp":1791269971946,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"American Chemical Society (ACS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,29]],"date-time":"2017-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3326,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypospadias is one of the most common urogenital congenital anomalies affecting baby boys. Prevalence estimates in Europe range from 4 to 24 per 10,000 births, depending on definition, with higher rates reported from the United States. Relatively little is known about potential risk factors, but a role for endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been proposed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goal was to elucidate the risk of hypospadias associated with occupational exposure of the mother to endocrine-disruptor chemicals, use of folate supplementation during pregnancy, and vegetarianism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We designed a case\u2013control study of 471 hypospadias cases referred to surgeons and 490 randomly selected birth controls, born 1 January 1997\u201330 September 1998 in southeast England. Telephone interviews of mothers elicited information on folate supplementation during pregnancy and vegetarianism. We used a job exposure matrix to classify occupational exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In multiple logistic regression analysis, there were increased risks for self-reported occupational exposure to hair spray [exposed vs. nonexposed, odds ratio (OR) = 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.40\u20134.17] and phthalate exposure obtained by a job exposure matrix (OR = 3.12; 95% CI, 1.04\u201311.46). There was a significantly reduced risk of hypospadias associated with of folate use during the first 3 months of pregnancy (OR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.44\u20130.93). Vegetarianism was not associated with hypospadias risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excess risks of hypospadias associated with occupational exposures to phthalates and hair spray suggest that antiandrogenic EDCs may play a role in hypospadias. Folate supplementation in early pregnancy may be protective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,5]],"date-time":"2008-11-05T13:20:00Z","timestamp":1225891200000},"page":"303-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Endocrine Disruptors in the Workplace, Hair Spray, Folate Supplementation, and Risk of Hypospadias: Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1021","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Gillian","family":"Ormond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Nieuwenhuijsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"},{"name":"Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Municipal Institute of Medical Research (IMIM), CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Public Health Consultant, Phrisk Ltd, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireille B.","family":"Toledano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Iszatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United 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